In this #review, #researchers explore the intricate relationship between various cell death pathways and host immunological responses.

Kuo-Cheng Lu, Kuo-Wang Tsai, Yu-Kuen Wang, and Wan-Chung Hu
from Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Tri-Service General Hospital and Ming Chuan University, have delved into the literature surrounding cell death pathways and their connections to host immunological pathways. 

Their review was published as the cover paper of Aging (listed by MEDLINE/PubMed as "Aging (Albany NY)" and "Aging-US" by Web of Science), Volume 16, Issue 15, entitled, “Types of Cell Death and Their Relations to Host Immunological Pathways.”

Full blog - https://aging-us.org/2024/08/exploring-links-between-cell-death-pathways-and-immune-responses/

Paper DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206035

Corresponding author - Wan-Chung Hu - Wanchung.Hu09@tzuchi.com.tw

Video short - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPaevm0vpR8

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Keywords - aging, apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, necroptosis, NETosis, pyroptosis

About Aging-US

The mission of the journal is to understand the mechanisms surrounding aging and age-related diseases, including cancer as the main cause of death in the modern aged population.

The journal aims to promote 1) treatment of age-related diseases by slowing down aging, 2) validation of anti-aging drugs by treating age-related diseases, and 3) prevention of cancer by inhibiting aging. (Cancer and COVID-19 are age-related diseases.)

Please visit our website at https://www.Aging-US.com​​ and connect with us:

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Aging (Aging-US)

Exploring Links Between Cell Death Pathways and Immune Responses

BUFFALO, NY — September 11, 2025 — A new #research paper was #published  in Volume 17, Issue 8 of Aging-US on August 8, 2025, titled “AI-driven toolset for IPF and aging research associates lung fibrosis with accelerated aging.”

In this study, researchers Fedor Galkin, Shan Chen, Alex Aliper, Alex Zhavoronkov, and Feng Ren from Insilico Medicine used artificial intelligence (AI) to investigate the similarities between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a severe lung disease, and the aging process. Their findings show that IPF is not simply accelerated aging, but a distinct biological condition shaped by age-related dysfunction. This insight may lead to a new approach in how scientists and clinicians treat this complex disease.

IPF mainly affects individuals over the age of 60. It causes scarring of lung tissue, making it harder to breathe and often leading to respiratory failure. Current treatments can slow the disease but rarely stop or reverse its progression. The researchers used AI to identify shared biological features between aging and fibrosis, finding new potential targets for therapy.

The team developed a “proteomic aging clock” based on protein data from more than 55,000 participants in the UK Biobank. This AI-driven tool accurately measured biological age and found that patients with severe COVID-19, who are at increased risk for lung fibrosis, also showed signs of accelerated aging. This suggests that fibrosis leaves a detectable biological trace, supporting the use of aging clocks in studying age-related diseases.

“For aging clock training, we used the UK Biobank collection of 55319 proteomic Olink NPX profiles annotated with age and gender.”

They also developed a custom AI model, ipf-P3GPT, to compare gene activity in aging lungs versus those with IPF. Although some genes were active in both, many showed opposite behavior. In fact, more than half of the shared genes had inverse effects. This means IPF does not just speed up aging but also disrupts the body’s normal aging pathways.

The study identified unique molecular signatures that distinguish IPF from normal aging. While both involve inflammation and tissue remodeling, IPF drives more damaging changes to lung structure and repair systems. This difference could guide the development of drugs that specifically target fibrosis without affecting normal aging.

By combining AI with large-scale biological data, the study also introduces a powerful toolset for examining other age-related conditions such as liver and kidney fibrosis. These models may support personalized treatments and expand understanding of the relationships between aging and disease, opening new directions for therapy development.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206295

Corresponding author - Alex Zhavoronkov - alex@insilico.com

Abstract video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24lX2lHbt7o

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Keywords - aging, IPF, generative AI, transformer, proteomics

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Aging-US

AI Tools Uncover New Link Between Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Aging

Immunotherapy is not usually effective against pancreatic cancer (PC), but a new study published in Oncotarget (Volume 16, 2025) highlights rare cases where it did help. These examples, though uncommon, may offer valuable insights for future treatment.

Pancreatic Cancer and Immunotherapy

Pancreatic cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, which limits treatment options and contributes to its poor prognosis. While chemotherapy remains the standard treatment, it usually offers only modest benefits in terms of survival. Immunotherapy—an approach that activates the immune system to fight cancer—has been effective in other cancers but has shown limited success in PC.

This is largely due to the tumor’s ability to suppress immune responses and create an environment that protects it from attack. Currently, these drugs are only approved for a small subset of patients whose tumors have a specific genetic feature called high microsatellite instability (MSI-high), found in just 1 to 2 percent of cases.

The Study: Pancreatic Cancer Immunotherapy Responders

The study, titled “Exceptional responders to immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer: A multi-institutional case series of a rare occurrence,” was led by first author Kavin Sugumar and corresponding author Jordan M. Winter, from University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center. 

The researchers examined medical records from 14 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) who had responded unexpectedly well to immune checkpoint inhibitors—drugs that help reactivate immune cells to attack cancer. The drugs included PD-1 inhibitors such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, CTLA-4 inhibitors like ipilimumab, and agents targeting tumor-associated macrophages. To find these rare cases, the research team contacted 471 oncologists from 91 major U.S. cancer centers between 2020 and 2021.

Full blog - https://www.oncotarget.org/2025/09/11/immunotherapy-response-in-pancreatic-cancer-what-a-new-study-reveals/

Paper DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.28739

Correspondence to - Jordan M. Winter - jordan.winter@UHHospitals.org

Abstract video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeWTcuVmqgM

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Keywords - cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, immunotherapy, exceptional responders, microsatellite instability, survival

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Oncotarget

Immunotherapy Response in Pancreatic Cancer: What a New Study Reveals

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease that primarily affects people over the age of 60. It causes scarring in the lung tissue, which gradually reduces lung capacity and makes breathing difficult. Despite years of research, the exact causes of IPF remain largely unknown, and current treatments mainly aim to slow its progression rather than reverse or cure the disease.

Because IPF tends to develop later in life, researchers have long suspected a connection with biological aging. This is the focus of a recent study by scientists from Insilico Medicine. Their research, titled “AI-driven toolset for IPF and aging research associates lung fibrosis with accelerated aging,” was published recently in Aging-US, Volume 17, Issue 8.

Full blog - https://aging-us.org/2025/09/ai-tools-reveal-how-ipf-and-aging-are-connected/

Paper DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206295

Corresponding author - Alex Zhavoronkov - alex@insilico.com

Abstract video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24lX2lHbt7o

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Keywords - aging, IPF, generative AI, transformer, proteomics

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AI Tools Reveal How IPF and Aging Are Connected

BUFFALO, NY — September 16, 2025 — A new #research paper was #published  in Volume 17, Issue 8 of Aging-US on August 6, 2025, titled “Age-related trends in amyloid positivity in Parkinson’s disease without dementia.”

In this study, led by first author Keiko Hatano and corresponding author Masashi Kameyama from the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology in Japan, researchers found that patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) diagnosed in their 80s showed a significantly higher rate of amyloid positivity—an indicator associated with Alzheimer’s disease—compared to those diagnosed at a younger age. Importantly, none of the participants had dementia. These findings suggest that older patients with PD may face a greater risk of future cognitive decline and could benefit from early screening for Alzheimer’s-related brain changes.

Amyloid-beta is considered a key marker of cognitive decline. While it is known that amyloid accumulation contributes to PD with dementia, its role in patients who have not developed cognitive problems remains less understood. This study aimed to explore how age influences amyloid buildup in people with PD who do not yet show signs of dementia.

The researchers analyzed data from 89 individuals with PD and no signs of dementia. Participants were divided into two age-based groups: those diagnosed before age 73 (LOW group) and those diagnosed at age 73 or older (HIGH group). Using cerebrospinal fluid samples, they measured levels of amyloid-beta, a standard method for detecting early Alzheimer’s-related changes. The findings revealed that 30.6% of the older group tested positive for amyloid, compared to just 10.0% in the younger group.

“[…] we elucidated the prevalence of amyloid positivity in patients with PD without dementia, whose mean age at diagnosis was 80.2 years, using CSF Aβ42 levels.”

Interestingly, both age groups of Parkinson’s patients had a lower rate of amyloid positivity than cognitively normal individuals of the same age in the general population. This unexpected result suggests that PD may alter how amyloid accumulates in the brain, possibly shortening the phase in which amyloid builds up silently before symptoms appear. The authors suggest that amyloid buildup could accelerate the transition from healthy cognition to dementia in patients with PD. The study also observed age-related associations with other biological markers of Alzheimer’s disease, such as tau protein levels. 

As the global population continues to age and the number of older adults diagnosed with PD grows, identifying early warning signs of cognitive decline becomes increasingly important. These findings may help inform future screening approaches and support the development of therapies aimed at delaying or preventing dementia in people with Parkinson’s disease.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206297

Corresponding author - Masashi Kameyama - kame-tky@umin.ac.jp

Abstract video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AP8S9evzCJw

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Keywords - aging, amyloid positivity, Parkinson's disease without dementia, cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42

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Older Adults with Parkinson’s Disease Have Increased Brain Amyloid Without Dementia

BUFFALO, NY — September 18, 2025 — A new #research paper was #published  in Volume 17, Issue 8 of Aging-US on August 9, 2025, titled “The myokine FGF21 associates with enhanced survival in ALS and mitigates stress-induced cytotoxicity.”

In this study, led by first author Abhishek Guha and corresponding author Peter H. King from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, researchers discovered that a hormone called FGF21, which is released by muscles, is elevated in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and may play a protective role. These findings are especially relevant because ALS is a fatal and currently incurable neurodegenerative disease.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an age-related and progressive condition that affects the nerve cells responsible for muscle control. While some treatments can slow the disease, there is still a need to understand why ALS progresses at different rates in different individuals.

“In a prior muscle miRNA sequencing investigation, we identified altered FGF pathways in ALS muscle, leading us to investigate FGF21.”

The research team analyzed muscle biopsies, spinal cord tissue, and blood samples from ALS patients and found that FGF21 levels were significantly elevated. This increase was particularly evident in atrophied muscle fibers—those that had shrunk due to nerve loss—and in the surrounding tissue. Importantly, patients with higher plasma levels of FGF21 showed slower loss of function and longer survival, with some living more than six years after diagnosis.

Using animal models and cultured cells, the researchers demonstrated that FGF21 levels rise even in the early, symptom-free stages of ALS. The hormone appeared to protect both muscle and motor neurons from stress-related damage. When added to stressed cells, FGF21 improved cell survival and reduced markers of cell death. In human muscle cells, FGF21 also supported the formation of new muscle fibers, a process known as myogenesis.

Blood tests revealed that patients with higher levels of FGF21 not only experienced slower disease progression but also tended to have a higher body mass index (BMI), a factor previously associated with longer survival in ALS. This suggests that FGF21 may reflect a patient’s ability to counteract ALS through natural protective mechanisms. It could also serve as a biomarker to monitor disease severity and potentially guide treatment decisions.

The study also investigated how FGF21 communicates with cells. It found that the hormone’s activity depends on a protein called β-Klotho, which was also altered in ALS-affected tissues. These changes were especially noticeable in motor neurons and muscle cells under stress, further highlighting FGF21’s role in the body’s response to damage.

While the study does not show that FGF21 can be used as a treatment, it highlights the hormone as a promising target for future research, clinical trials, and strategies to slow ALS progression by leveraging the body’s natural protective systems.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206298

Corresponding author - Peter H. King - phking@uabmc.edu

Abstract video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEGMxQrxZxE

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Keywords - aging, fibroblast growth factor, 21 β-Klotho, ALS biomarker, human skeletal muscle, motor neurons

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FGF21 Muscle Hormone Associated with Slow ALS Progression and Extended Survival

BUFFALO, NY — September 23, 2025 — A new #research paper was #published in Volume 17, Issue 8 of Aging-US on August 7, 2025, titled “Senescent cell heterogeneity and responses to senolytic treatment are related to cell cycle status during senescence induction.”

This study, led by first authors Francesco Neri and Shuyuan Zheng, together with corresponding authors Denis Wirtz, Pei-Hsun Wu, and Birgit Schilling from the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, and Johns Hopkins University, reveals that not all aging cells behave the same. The researchers identified key differences between senescent cell subtypes that may influence how well they respond to senolytic drugs. These findings could help guide the development of more effective therapies for age-related diseases.

Senescent cells are aged or damaged cells that stop dividing and accumulate in tissues over time. While they play a role in wound healing and protecting against cancer early in life, they can drive chronic inflammation and tissue decline with age. Researchers are exploring ways to selectively remove these cells using senolytic drugs. However, the large variety of senescent cell types has made it difficult to design treatments that work for all of them. This study aimed to better understand the functional differences among senescent cell subpopulations.

Using high-resolution imaging, the team analyzed thousands of human endothelial and fibroblast cells growing in the lab. They observed that cells that exited the cell cycle (stopped dividing) in a later phase showed stronger signs of senescence and were more sensitive to senolytic treatment. These cells also produced more IL-6, a molecule associated with inflammation. The findings suggest that DNA content, which varies depending on the cell cycle phase, plays an important role in how aging cells function and how they respond to drugs.

“We found that G2-arrested senescent cells feature higher senescence marker expression than G1-arrested senescent cells.”

This is the first clear evidence that senescent cells do not all respond equally to treatment. The results suggest that future senolytic therapies could be more successful if they are designed to target specific subtypes of senescent cells, especially those with greater inflammatory potential.

While this research was conducted in laboratory cell cultures, it provides a foundation for studying how these findings apply to living tissues. Future work will examine whether similar patterns occur in the body and how this knowledge could lead to more precise and effective treatments for age-related conditions. Understanding the diversity of aging cells is key to developing therapies that are both safer and more targeted.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206299

Corresponding authors - Denis Wirtz — wirtz@jhu.edu, Pei-Hsun Wu — pwu@jhu.edu, and Birgit Schilling — bschilling@buckinstitute.org

Abstract video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8bhKEFLzqA

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Keywords - aging, cellular senescence, imaging, heterogeneity, senolytics, cell cycle

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How Cell Cycle Status Affects Aging Cell Response to Senolytic Drugs

BUFFALO, NY - September 24, 2025 – A new #research paper was #published in Volume 16 of Oncotarget on September 22, 2025, titled “Loss of Trp53 results in a hypoactive T cell phenotype accompanied by reduced pro-inflammatory signaling in a syngeneic orthotopic mouse model of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma.”

In this study, led by first author Jacob Haagsma and corresponding author Trevor G. Shepherd from the Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre and Western University, Canada, researchers investigated how the loss of Trp53 – a critical tumor suppressor gene – affects immune responses in ovarian cancer. The team found that deleting Trp53 led to more aggressive tumor growth and a weaker immune response. These findings help explain why some ovarian tumors may be resistant to immunotherapy and point to new ways to improve treatment.

High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) is a deadly cancer that is often diagnosed at a late stage. Immunotherapy, which enhances the body’s immune system to fight cancer, has shown limited effectiveness in treating this type of cancer. To better understand why, the researchers developed a mouse model that closely mimics human HGSC. They injected ovarian epithelial cells, with and without Trp53, into the fallopian tubes, the origin site of most ovarian cancers.

“In this study, we developed a syngeneic model reflecting both the site of origin and the genotype of early HGSC disease by deleting Trp53 in mouse oviductal epithelial (OVE) cells.”

Mice injected with cells lacking Trp53 developed faster-growing and more invasive tumors, reflecting how the disease typically progresses in humans. These tumors also had fewer active T cells, which are immune cells responsible for attacking cancer. Moreover, the T cells that were present appeared less capable of responding to the tumor, creating an immune environment that allowed cancer to grow uncontrolled.

Further analysis revealed that tumor cells without Trp53 had reduced activity in genes related to inflammation. These changes were associated with lower levels of key proteins that normally help immune cells detect and attack tumor cells. When the researchers collected tumor cells from the abdominal fluid of the mice—a condition that simulates advanced-stage disease—they observed even lower immune signaling than before. This suggests that as the tumor spreads, it becomes better at evading the immune system.

This study highlights how early genetic mutations can shape the interaction between tumors and the immune system. In particular, the loss of Trp53 appears to trigger a chain of events that weakens immune surveillance and accelerates tumor progression. These findings emphasize the need to consider both genetic mutations and the tumor environment when designing immunotherapies for ovarian cancer. Understanding how genes like Trp53 influence immune behavior may lead to more effective treatments and help identify which patients are most likely to benefit from immunotherapy.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.28768

Correspondence to - Trevor G. Shepherd - tshephe6@uwo.ca

Abstract video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFQw0psuC3M

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Loss of Trp53 Gene Promotes Tumor Growth and Immune Suppression in Ovarian Cancer

BUFFALO, NY — September 24, 2025 — A new #research paper was #published in Volume 17, Issue 8 of Aging-US on August 7, 2025, titled, “What is the clinical evidence to support off-label rapamycin therapy in healthy adults?”

In this study, led by Jacob M. Hands from The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, researchers analyzed current research to determine whether low-dose rapamycin can extend healthspan or delay aging in healthy adults. While studies in animals have shown promising results, this review found no clear clinical evidence that the same benefits apply to humans. The findings point to the urgent need for larger, better-designed human trials before recommending rapamycin for off-label use to prevent aging.

Rapamycin, originally developed as a drug to suppress the immune system, has gained interest as a possible anti-aging therapy. It works by blocking a key cellular pathway called mTOR, which plays a role in growth and metabolism. In animal studies, blocking this pathway has extended lifespan. However, the translation of these results to humans remains uncertain. The current study examined clinical trials and observational studies involving healthy adults who took low doses of rapamycin or similar drugs.

“This paper has reviewed trials of low-dose mTOR inhibition therapy in human subjects.”

Some trials showed encouraging signs. For example, older adults treated with low-dose mTOR inhibitors showed stronger immune responses and fewer respiratory infections. Other studies suggested possible improvements in subjective well-being and physical performance, such as walking speed and strength. Still, none of the trials directly showed that rapamycin extends life or clearly slows the aging process. 

One small study using a biological aging model (PhenoAge) suggested that users might have reduced their biological age by nearly four years, but the estimate was based on average values, not individual patient data.

There are also concerns about side effects. While short-term use seems safe, some studies reported increases in blood lipids and markers of inflammation. Research on muscle health produced contradictory findings—some studies suggest rapamycin might reduce the body’s ability to build muscle. The impact on mental health is also unclear, with a few participants reporting increased anxiety during treatment.

The researchers emphasize that rapamycin’s role in human aging is still uncertain. Off-label use is growing among longevity clinics and individuals seeking anti-aging solutions, but there is no standard dose, and long-term safety is unknown. The authors advise that off-label use should be approached with caution, including careful monitoring and full disclosure about the limited evidence.

Overall, while animal studies have demonstrated promising effects, human trials have not yet shown that rapamycin can safely or effectively slow aging or extend lifespan. More rigorous and well-controlled studies are necessary before the drug can be considered a reliable option for healthy adults interested in longevity interventions.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206300

Corresponding author - Jacob M. Hands - jacobhands@gwu.edu

Abstract video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdWUenvB_mY

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Rapamycin Shows Limited Evidence for Longevity Benefits in Healthy Adults

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common—and deadliest—cancers worldwide. Once it spreads and reaches the metastatic stage, treatment becomes far more difficult. Tumors can also behave very differently from one patient to another, especially after multiple rounds of therapy. Precision oncology is helping to overcome these challenges by enabling clinicians to analyze each tumor’s unique genetic profile and tailor treatment accordingly.

This approach was recently highlighted in a case study published in Volume 16 of Oncotarget. The report detailed how a 62-year-old man with advanced colorectal cancer received a highly personalized treatment plan, developed by an international panel of experts, after completing all standard treatment options.

Full blog - https://www.oncotarget.org/2025/09/24/precision-oncology-in-metastatic-colorectal-cancer-a-real-world-case-study/

Paper DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.28744

Correspondence to - Shai Magidi - shai.magidi@winconsortium.org

Abstract video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWDtWNgpK7A

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Keywords - cancer, precision oncology, molecular tumor board, colorectal carcinoma, cancer management

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Precision Oncology in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Real-World Case Study

In this episode of the Longevity & Aging Series, Girish Harinath from AgelessRx joins host Dr. Evgeniy Galimov to discuss a research paper he co-authored in Volume 17, Issue 4 of Aging-US, titled “Influence of rapamycin on safety and healthspan metrics after one year: PEARL trial results.”

DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206235

Corresponding author - Stefanie L. Morgan - stefanie@agelessrx.com

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Abstract

Design: This 48-week decentralized, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (NCT04488601) evaluated the long-term safety of intermittent low-dose rapamycin in a healthy, normative-aging human cohort. Participants received placebo, 5 mg or 10 mg compounded rapamycin weekly. The primary outcome measure was visceral adiposity (by DXA scan), secondary outcomes were blood biomarkers, and lean tissue and bone mineral content (by DXA scan). Established surveys were utilized to evaluate health and well-being. Safety was assessed through adverse events and blood biomarker monitoring.

Results: Adverse and serious adverse events were similar across all groups. Visceral adiposity did not change significantly (ηp2 = 0.001, p = 0.942), and changes in blood biomarkers remained within normal ranges. Lean tissue mass (ηp2 = 0.202, p = 0.013) and self-reported pain (ηp2 = 0.168, p = 0.015) improved significantly for women using 10 mg rapamycin. Self-reported emotional well-being (ηp2 = 0.108, p = 0.023) and general health (ηp2 = 0.166, p = 0.004) also improved for those using 5 mg rapamycin. No other significant effects were observed.

Conclusions: Low-dose, intermittent rapamycin administration over 48 weeks is relatively safe in healthy, normative-aging adults, and was associated with significant improvements in lean tissue mass and pain in women. Future work will evaluate benefits of a broader range of rapamycin doses on healthspan metrics for longevity, and will aim to more comprehensively establish efficacy.

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Keywords - aging, rapamycin, geroscience, longevity, healthspan

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Longevity & Aging Series (S3, E6): Girish Harinath

Aging-US is dedicated to advancing our understanding of the biological mechanisms that drive aging and the development of age-related diseases. Our mission is to serve as a platform for high-quality research that uncovers the cellular, molecular, and systemic processes underlying aging, and translates these insights into strategies to extend healthspan and delay the onset of chronic disease.

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