In this episode we discuss the actual first Europeans to discover America (probably) as well as why 'firsts' matter in history and whether Europe was truly 'dark' during the Viking age.

Apologies for the slight echo, it is only significant in this episode.

Sources:
http://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/vinland/home/indexen.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Erikson
https://www.bartleby.com/43/1.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_saga
https://notendur.hi.is/haukurth/utgafa/greenlanders.html

001 - The Discovery of America

In this episode we discuss the legendary Finnish sniper 'The White Death' and his impact on the Winter War in 1939.

Sources:
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1517044/The-long-view.html
The White Sniper - Tapio Saarelainen (Book)
https://www.ranker.com/list/facts-about-finnish-sniper-simo-hayha/christopher-myers
https://www.simohayha.com/
https://nordic.businessinsider.com/the-incredible-life-of-simo-hayha-the-worlds-deadliest-sniper-who-killed-hundreds-during-the-winter-war-2017-3/
Motti Tactics in Finnish Military Historiography since World War 2 - Pasi Tuunanien (Article)
https://www.historyextra.com/period/the-worlds-deadliest-sniper-simo-hayha/

002 - The White Death

In this episode we discuss Napoleon's campaign in Egypt, his alleged devotion to Islam and where the Rosetta stone should be.

Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo
https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/napoleon/facts-and-figures/napoleon-in-egypt.html
https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/napoleon-in-egypt/
https://www.thoughtco.com/napoleons-egyptian-campaign-1221695
https://www.warhistoryonline.com/featured/did-you-know-napoleon-was-a-serious-admirer-of-islam.html

003 - Abdullah Napoleon

In this episode we discuss how a seemingly unremarkable English University decided to protest against the British government by... declaring independence. 

Sources:
Keele Oral History Project
https://www.keele.ac.uk/thekeeleoralhistoryproject/declarationofindependence/
https://www.keele.ac.uk/media/keeleuniversity/alumni/UDI%203%20C%20Parkins.jpg

004 - Keele University's Declaration of Independence

"What is a train?" and other questions are discussed as we try to determine what really was the first train in history.

Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotion_No._1
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stockton-and-Darlington-Railway
http://spartacus-educational.com/RAstockton.htm
http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1136
https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/what-do-civil-engineers-do/stockton-and-darlington-railway
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway
http://beforebefore.net/scima200/media/wolfgang-schivelbusch-railroad-space-and-railroad-time-1.pdf (really cool article)

005 - The First Train Ever

The sheer power of nature to wreak havoc on humanity is discussed as we cover the most destructive volcanic eruption in recent human history.

Sources:
The Eruption of Krakatoa, and subsequent phenomena - Report of the Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society. (https://archive.org/details/eruptionkrakato00whipgoog)
KSC VAB Aeroacoustic Hazard Assessment - NASA (Page 43 - https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110002902.pdf)
Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded - Simon Winchester (Book)
Volcanoes, Ice and Destructive Waves - Frank Press (Article: http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/170/1/press.pdf)
Near and far-field effects of tsunamis generated by the paroxysmal eruptions, explosions, caldera collapses and massive slope failures of the Krakatau Volcano in Indonesia on August 26-27, 1883 - George Pararas-Carayannis (http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/ts214.pdf)
William Ashcroft’s Krakatoa Paintings - https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/363999/view/krakatoa-sunsets-1883-artworks
“Why the sky was red in Munch’s ‘The Scream’” - CNN (http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/space/12/10/scream.munch.reut/)
http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Krakatau.html - San Diego State University Eye Witness Accounts
Krakatoa Revealed (Documentary - https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00791fm)
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-krakatoa-made-the-biggest-bang-5336165.html
https://www.livescience.com/28186-krakatoa.html
Krakatau, 1883 - the volcanic eruption and its effects - Tom Simkin, Richard S. Fiske (Book)
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/describe-1883-eruption-krakatau

006 - The 1883 Eruption of Krakatoa

This podcast covers the lesser known facts and events of History, the literal footnotes of History!

Michael Mountford
Matthew Heritage
Logo - Mayli Helen Mountford: https://www.instagram.com/designmountford

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