This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it on his discussion in the Preface, in which he raises several problems with metaphysics of his time as a science. These include the lack of universal agreement or consensus, the advances of all the other sciences, and the lack of any settled criteria for the discipline. in Kant's view, it is time to ask the question whether metaphysics as a science is even possible, and what it would require

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Problems With Metaphysics As A Science - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Preamble on the peculiarities of all metaphysical knowledge, bearing upon how Metaphysics is to be differentiated as a science from other sciences. Kant tells us that there are three main differentiating factors, namely the object, the sources of cognition, and the kind of cognition. 

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Differentiating Metaphysics As A Science - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Preface bearing upon how David Hume's critical examination of causality - the necessary connection between causes and effects - broke Kant's "dogmatic slumber" and spurred him to examine the possibility of metaphysics in a radical manner. This would lead to the work contained in the Critique of Pure Reason 

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - David Hume's Spur To Kants Thinking - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Preface that outlines the relationship between the Prolegomena and his earlier published Critique of Pure Reason. The Prolegomena as a work addresses some of the obscurity that Kant admits is present in the Critique, and is structured in an analytic rather than synthetic style of presentation

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - The Prolegomena And The First Critique - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Preamble on the peculiarities of all metaphysical knowledge, bearing upon the nature of mathematical judgements, properly speaking.  Kant argues, against previous thinkers, that properly mathematical judgements are not analytic but synthetic a priori.  There is still scope for analytic judgements within mathematics that help to clarify matters or to show some equivalence or equality.

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Mathematical Judgements As Synthetic - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Preamble on the peculiarities of all metaphysical knowledge, bearing upon the nature of properly metaphysical judgements, cognitions, or propositions, namely that they are all synthetic a priori.  This is what allows there to be any genuine advance in knowledge through metaphysics

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Metaphysical Judgements As Synthetic - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Preamble on the peculiarities of all metaphysical knowledge, bearing upon what he takes to be a central problem that must be resolved if there is to be any genuine well-founded metaphysics, namely how it is that synthetic a priori cognitions (or judgements or propositions) are possible.

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - How Are Synthetic A Priori Cognitions Possible? - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Preamble on the peculiarities of all metaphysical knowledge, bearing upon the distinction he makes between analytic and synthetic judgements. Analytic judgements do not add anything to our knowledge or understanding, though they can help us to clarify concepts. Synthetic judgements do add something new to our cognitions, because the predicate is not entirely contained in the subject, and this is what allows us to make progress in sciences like mathematics and metaphysics

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Analytic And Synthetic Judgements - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Preamble on the peculiarities of all metaphysical knowledge, bearing upon how and why his transcendental or critical philosophy takes metaphysics beyond two other sets of positions, those of dogmatism and skepticism

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Dogmatism, Skepticism, Metaphysics - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion of the possibility of a priori intuition (Anschauung), which makes pure mathematics possible. Time and Space are such a priori intuitions, namely the forms of sensibility, the condition. for having empirical intuitions of objects.

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - A Priori Intuitions - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussions of the a priori intuitions that are the basis for pure mathematics, namely space and time. These are the forms of empirical intuitions, preceding them logically, and they also provide geometry, arithmetic, and pure mechanics their bases.

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Intuitions, Space, And Time - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion of geometry in particular, in the course of which he briefly examines geometric proofs resting on congruence and objects that may be the same in some respects but are not congruent, such as spherical triangles, mirror images of hands, and helixes. Kant argues that geometry, based on the pure intuition of space as a form of sensible intuitions, applies to all of our possible experience of objects in space

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Sensibility, Representations, And Geometry - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on Kant's defense of his own transcendental or critical idealism from accusations that he turns the spatio-temporal world of sense-experience into mere "illusion" (Schein). Kant explains how illusions do arise out of other philosophical positions and their key assumptions.

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - How Illusions Arise - Sadler's Lectures

Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Avoiding Non-Critical Idealism - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Second Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How Is Pure Natural Science Possible?  Specifically this bears upon the distinction Kant makes between two kinds of judgements, those of perception (Wahrnehmungsurteile) and those of experience (Erfarhungsurteille). The latter involve the addition of pure concepts of the understanding, and can yield us a priori cognitions

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Judgements Of Perception And Experience - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Second Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How Is Pure Natural Science Possible?  Specifically this bears upon his exposition of what he identifies as pure concepts of the understanding (Verstandsbegriffe), which, as he tells us, make possible for us universal, objectively valid judgements. These correspond to the logical table of judgements and to the transcendental table of the concepts of the understanding


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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Pure Concepts Of The Understanding - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Second Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How Is Pure Natural Science Possible?  Specifically this bears upon what Kant calls "principles of possible experience". Principles (Grundsatze) are rules that are not determined by other rules, and these correspond to  pure concepts of the understanding. Taken as a totality, they comprise a system which provides the laws of nature, and a pure natural science

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Principles Of Possible Experience - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Second Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How Is Pure Natural Science Possible?  Specifically this bears upon Kant's situating himself in relation to his predecessor David Hume, who argues that we have no experience of causality as such, and that we can and should have doubts about the relationship between what we think to be cause and effect. 

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Removing Hume's Doubt About Causality - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Second Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How Is Pure Natural Science Possible?  Specifically this bears upon his "Appendix to pure natural science. On the system of the categories."  Kant contrasts his own systematic deduction of the table of the categories of the understanding against the unsystematic "rhapsody" of Aristotle's ten categories.

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - The System Of The Categories - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Third Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How is metaphysics in general possible? Specifically this bears upon what is distinctive, specific, or peculiar to metaphysics by contrast to pure mathematics and pure natural science.

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - The Peculiarity Of Metaphysics - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Third Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How is metaphysics in general possible? Specifically this bears upon Kant's discussion of the ideas or pure concept of reason, derived from his consideration of three main types of syllogisms (Verstandschlüsse): categorical, hypothetical, and disjunctive. These correspond to the psychological, cosmological, and theological ideas, which figure into the dialectic of reason.

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Syllogisms And Pure Ideas Of Reason - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Third Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How is metaphysics in general possible? Specifically this bears upon his discussion about how the ideas of reason involve and aim at a completeness to experience that can never be found in experience itself.  He discusses what use these ideas of reason are, and also clarifies the term "noumena"

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Experience And Pure Ideas Of Reason - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Third Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How is metaphysics in general possible? Specifically this bears upon what Kant terms the "psychological idea" or "ideas" of pure reason, which have to do primarily with the consciousness or soul of a human being, and the idea that it is a substance that has permanency. This is an idea of reason which cannot be encountered or confirmed in any experience we could have

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - The Psychological Ideas - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Third Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How is metaphysics in general possible? Specifically this bears upon the two "mathematical" antinomies Kant examines in the section on the Cosmological Ideas.  These are:

First Antinomy. Thesis: The world has a temporal and spatial beginning or limit. Antithesis: The world does not have a temporal and spatial beginning or limit.

Second Antinomy. Thesis: Everything in the world consists of something that is simple. Antithesis: Everything in the world does not consist of something that is simple

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - The Mathematical Antinomies - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on his discussion in the Third Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How is metaphysics in general possible? Specifically this bears upon what he calls the "theological idea". Kant writes:

"The third transcendental Idea, which affords matter for the most important, but, if pursued only speculatively, transcendent and thereby dialectical use of reason, is the ideal of pure reason. Reason in this case does not, as with the psychological and the cosmological Ideas, begin from experience, and err by exaggerating its grounds, in striving to attain, if possible, the absolute completeness of their series. It rather totally breaks with experience, and from mere concepts of what constitutes the absolute completeness of a thing in general, consequently by means of the idea of a most perfect primal Being, it proceeds to determine the possibility and therefore the actuality of all other things. And so the mere presupposition of a Being, who is conceived not in the series of experience, yet for the purposes of experience—for the sake of comprehending its connexion, order, and unity—i.e., the idea [the notion of it], is more easily distinguished from the concept of the understanding here, than in the former cases. Hence we can easily expose the dialectical illusion which arises from our making the subjective conditions of our thinking objective conditions of objects themselves, and an hypothesis necessary for the satisfaction of our reason, a dogma. As the observations of the Critique on the pretensions of transcendental theology are intelligible, clear, and decisive, I have nothing more to add on the subject."

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - The Theological Idea or The Ideal of Reason - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on  his discussion in the Third Part Of The Transcendental Problem: How is metaphysics in general possible? Specifically this bears upon his discussion of the cosmological ideas, which Kant frames in terms of antinomies of pure reason.  Two of these are "mathematical" and concern limits of space and time, and simplicity or composition of things. Two of these are "dynamical" and concern freedom or causal determinism, and necessity and contingency

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Cosmological Ideas And Antinomies - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on the "Solution of the General Problem of the Prolegomena", where Kant contrasts the kind of metaphysics that can be developed after the critique of pure reason (by itself) with what passes as metaphysics (dogmatic or "school" metaphysics), and discusses how critique can carry us beyond the skepticism the dialectic of reason inevitably leads to if we do not engage in critique.

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Critique And Metaphysics As Science - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's work, The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

Specifically it focuses on the "Appendix", specifically the discussion distinguishing Kant's own critical or transcendental idealism from other, earlier forms of idealism ranging from that of Parmenides all the way down to Berkeley. Kant asserts that on some matters concerning space, time, experience, the understanding, and reason his idealism is in fact the reverse of the other sort of idealism, and resolves problems that they cannot address.

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Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena - Clarifications About Idealism - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the work of the 20th century theologian, social philosopher, and civil rights activist, Martin Luther King Jr.'s sermon "Unfulfilled Hopes"

It discusses the analysis he provides of three different characteristic responses to the tragic element of life, that dreams remain unrealized, hopes unfulfilled, and that cries for a solution go unanswered. Two of these responses, those of bitterness and withdrawal, are negative and motivated by anger and hate. The third response is that of creative and dynamic will.

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Read Martin Luther King Jr.'s sermon "Unfulfilled Hopes", here - https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/unfulfilled-hopes-0

Martin Luther King, Unfulfilled Hopes - Bitterness, Withdrawal, & Creative Will - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the work of the 20th century novelist and short story writer, Franz Kafka, "On Parables"

This lecture discusses the terminology used in the story, the distinction between the words of the wise which are parables and the needs and cares of our daily lives, and a metaparable that this short story ends on.

Here is the story in its entirety:
Many complain that the words of the wise are always merely parables and of no use in daily life, which is the only life we have. When the sage says: ‘Go over,’ he does not mean that we should cross to some actual place, which we could do anyhow if the labor were worth it; he means some fabulous yonder, something unknown to us, something too that he cannot designate more precisely, and therefore cannot help us here in the very least. All these parables really set out to say merely that the incomprehensible is incomprehensible, and we know that already. But the cares we have to struggle with every day: that is a different matter.

Concerning this a man once said: Why such reluctance? If you only followed the parables you yourselves would become parables and with that rid of all your daily cares.
Another said: I bet that is also a parable.
The first said: You have won.
The second said: But unfortunately only in parable.
The first said: No, in reality: in parable you have lost

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Franz Kafka, On Parables - Making Sense Of Parables and Meta-Parables - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses the 19th-20th century philosopher and psychologist, William James, and focuses on his essay, "The Will To Believe". Specifically it discusses the relationship between certitude or certainty and truth. James distinguishes two different orientations towards these, which he calls empiricism and absolutism. Absolutism holds that we can attain some absolute certainty, and that we can know with certainty that we know the truth. Empiricism about philosophy notes that there is no criterion for truth about which there has been a consensus.

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William James, The Will To Be - Certitude And Truth - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the ancient philosopher Plato's dialogue, the Gorgias.

This lecture focuses specifically on a set of points that Socrates makes in his conversation with Gorgias, outlining a common dynamic that tends to produce anger and even lead to abusive language between people who are discussing or exploring a subject matter together. When subject matters or topics are difficult to define, people will accuse each other of being unclear or incorrect in what they say. It is easy for interlocutors to assume that the other person is arguing their position in bad faith, out of a desire to win, to be right, to dominate, rather than a desire to seek out and articulate the truth together.

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Plato, Gorgias - Why People Get Angry In Discussions - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the ancient philosopher Plato's dialogue, the Gorgias.

This lecture focuses specifically on a passage in the conversation between Socrates and the host of the evening's conversations, Callicles. After Callicles has told Socrates that philosophy is fine for children and young men, but that a mature man ought to leave it behind, Socrates ironically tells Callicles that he is certain to get a good assessment of his character from Callicles. Socrates claims that for a person who wants to be a good tester and judge of whether others are living their lives well, and whether their souls are well-nurtured, three characteristics are needed.

These three are knowledge (epistēmē) good will (eunoia), and frankness or freedom of speech (parrhēsia). Socrates claims that Callicles has demonstrated that he possesses all three of these traits, and has displayed them towards Socrates.

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Plato, Gorgias - Knowledge, Good Will, And Frankness - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the ancient philosopher and biographer Plutarch's short work On Having Many Friends.

This episode focuses specifically on a number of features of true or genuine friendship that he discusses in the work. Some of these are his own later interpretation of earlier authors who discuss friendship, like Aristotle and Cicero.

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Plutarch, On Having Many Friends - What Genuine Friendship Involves - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the work of the 20th century novelist and short story writer, Franz Kafka, "The Metamorphosis"

This lecture discusses the transformation or metamorphosis (Verwandlung) that Gregor Samsa experiences at the very beginning of the story, but also throughout the narrative. As it turns out it is not simply his physical form that is changed, but also his own capacities and possibilities, his relationships with other people, his senses and desires, and even his own viewpoint on himself.

To support my ongoing work, go to my Patreon site - www.patreon.com/sadler

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Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis - Gregor Samsa's Transformation - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the work of the 20th century novelist and short story writer, Franz Kafka, "The Metamorphosis"

This lecture discusses the circumstances of Gregor's family, the Samsas. Initially, they are all dependent upon Gregor for their income, paying down debts, and even the decision-making around the house. As Gregor discovers after his transformation and losing his job, his father does have some money set aside, and his family members are all capable of taking on work suited to them. By the end, they all agree that their situation presents them with certain opportunities.

To support my ongoing work, go to my Patreon site - www.patreon.com/sadler

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Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis - The Samsa Family's Circumstances - Sadler's Lectures

This lecture discusses key ideas from the work of the 20th century novelist and short story writer, Franz Kafka, "The Metamorphosis"

This lecture discusses the character Grete, who is Gregor's younger sister. At the beginning of the story, she is a teenager with minimal responsibilities and some musical talent. As she comes to take care of her brother after his metamorphosis, she takes on more responsibility and agency. By the end of the story, she argues that the creature is no longer her brother Gregor, and that they must get rid of it.

To support my ongoing work, go to my Patreon site - www.patreon.com/sadler

If you'd like to make a direct contribution, you can do so here - www.paypal.me/ReasonIO - or at BuyMeACoffee - www.buymeacoffee.com/A4quYdWoM

You can find over 3,000 philosophy videos in my main YouTube channel - www.youtube.com/user/gbisadler

Purchase Franz Kafka, The Complete Stories - amzn.to/3y29u37

Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis - Gregor's Sister Grete - Sadler's Lectures

I'm that YouTube Philosophy Guy! Find more than 2,500 videos in my main channel.  Support my video and podcast work!  https://www.patreon.com/sadler or https://www.buymeacoffee.com/A4quYdWoM

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