Today we’re talking about getting your head around our favourite enteric microbes. E. coli and Salmonella. Why do they have some of the names they have?

Primer on ANI: https://www.pnas.org/content/102/7/2567.short
Wikipedia on Salmonella serovars: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauffman%E2%80%93White_classification
Nabil's viral tweet: https://twitter.com/happy_khan/status/1387804862830809091?s=20

60 Whats in a name: Salmonella and E. Coli

Torsten Seemann joins us to discuss how to write good bioinformatics software. Torsten is the author of many popular bioinformatics tools such as Prokka, Snippy, Barrnap, Abricate, Shovill, and Nullarbor.

Links:
https://github.com/tseemann

Encore: 06 - What software not to write

Our guest today is Dr Ozan Gundogdu for a deeper dive into the food borne pathogen Campylobacter and how genomics has informed the field over the past 20 years since the publication of the first reference genome in 1999.

Ozan leads the foodborne enteric pathogen group at the London school of hygiene and tropical medicine. Where they study the physiology and pathogenesis of Campylobacter and other related enteric microorganisms like Listeria and Vibrio. His background is in Molecular Biology and Computer Science and he completed his PhD at LSHTM (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine) in 2011.
www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/people/gundogdu.ozan

63 A dive into Campylobacter genomics

We’re continuing our series where we examine a particular microbial species in some depth. We’re talking about mycobacterium tuberculosis, the forgotten pandemic. 

Our guests are Dr. Suzie Hingley-Wilson Lecturer in Bacteriology at the University of Surrey, Dr. Dany Beste Senior Lecturer in Microbial Metabolism at the University of Surrey and Dr. Conor Meehan assistant professor in molecular microbiology at the University of Bradford.

64 Mycobacterium tuberculosis: the forgotten pandemic

Ed Feil is a professor of bacterial evolution at the University of Bath, and Natacha Couto, a data scientist at the Center of Genomic Pathogen Surveillance at the University of Oxford. We delve into the concept of multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) in bacterial population genetics.

They highlight how the MLST method allows for defining strains based on partial sequences that range up to 500 base pairs. The method measures differences between loci for each strain, offering an allele number while assigning similar numbers to identical sequences. The cumulative sequence number represents the unique identification, which is subsequently referred to as the sequence type (SST).

MLST has revolutionized the field by facilitating digital storage and comparison of epidemiological databases, proving particularly useful in investigating transmission events and dissemination of certain strains. Although there are other methods such as Pulse Field Gen Electrophoresis (PFGE) that offer higher resolution when looking for similarities between different strains, MLST remains a versatile and widely used method.

They also talk about the shortcomings of MLST and the need for continued improvements in population genetics research. They mention the development of the Eburst program, which uses a circular model, rather than the traditional dendrogram tree structure, to better visualize MLST data and understand the clonal expansion of populations. They also discuss how the original MLST schemes may not have included the best genes for all bacterial species as the genes were chosen before genome sequencing became widely available.

Ed and Natacha further elaborate on the concept of clonality among bacterial species. Ed suggests that bacterial population structures have no consistent pattern, with some organisms being well-behaved, while others have a lot of allele shuffling. However, clones have existed since day one, and their presence is still seen today. Natacha adds that although MLST has flaws, it leaves behind the nomenclature for the lineages or clones, which is a lasting legacy.

Nabil-Fareed notes that while most reference labs have moved on to genomics, some people still use MLST. He adds that the pipeline is the same for any organism, and the process is efficient in the end.

The discussion concludes with the hosts thanking the guests and promising more exciting topics in their next episode. Overall, the hosts highlight the significance of understanding the limitations of MLST and the scope for further research in bacterial population genetics.

102 Early days of MLST

We are back talking about systematics, and SeqCode;  a nomenclatural code for prokaryotes described from sequence data. 
Marike Palmer is a  Postdoctoral researcher in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Nevada Las Vegas and Miguel Rodriguez is an Assistant Professor of Bioinformatics at the University of Innsbruck in the departments of Microbiology and the Digital Science Center (DiSC).

Link to paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-022-01214-9 
History paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0723202022000121

They discussed the SeqCode, a nomenclature code for Prokaryotes described from sequence data. The SeqCode was created to provide a specific nomenclature code for previously uncultivated organisms. Palmer explained that the impetus for the SeqCode was the need to accommodate previously uncultivated organisms under a specific nomenclature code. She emphasized that the SeqCode was written to allow any peer-reviewed publication, but noted that the authors have designed three paths of validation in the SeqCode. They hope that anyone proposing a name will work with the curriculum team to ensure the best quality descriptions, names, etymology, and solidification. 

Rodriguez discussed the SeqCode's governance, which is already in place, and they have made them public so that anyone interested can join the SeqCode community. The governance structure comprises an executive board, committees, and working groups. The position's co-opted members hold some of the committees of these committees, while some are chosen by ballot.

The hosts sought to clarify the relationship between the Isme Society, which is backing the SeqCode, and the wider field in general. Rodriguez explained that ISME is simply providing support as an umbrella organization for the SeqCode. 

Palmer and Rodriguez clarified that the SeqCode is not a competing code but rather a parallel one that aims to accommodate previously uncultivated organisms. The SeqCode was created to provide a specific nomenclature code for previously uncultivated organisms. Palmer noted that most scientists culture prokaryotes not for naming but to advance their knowledge of these organisms through physiology experiments. They emphasized that the new system is the result of a long collaborative effort that involved many different viewpoints and philosophies.

The episode also discussed the practical requirements for naming under the new system, which include standards for the completeness and contamination levels required in the genome sequence data. Palmer noted that while the 16S rRNA gene sequence was not required for naming, it was recommended for improved accuracy in cross-talk between different taxonomies. The conversation highlighted the importance and challenges of naming microorganisms and the ongoing efforts to create a system that is inclusive of all microorganisms, both cultivated and uncultivated.

Rodriguez and Palmer also discussed the SeqCode, a nature code for naming prokaryotes described from sequence data. They agreed that high-quality genomes should be the main control types to ensure the system builds up rather than breaks down. They noted the challenge of obtaining full genomes of some organisms, such as obligate intracellular parasites but suggested obtaining housekeeping genes as a potential solution. They further explained the technical issue of estimating completeness or contamination for many taxa, but Palmer confirmed that registering a name on the SeqCode registry requires adding such estimates. 

It emphasized the importance of collaboration within the scientific community and the need to create a system that is inclusive of all microorganisms. It also highlighted the challenges inherent in the process of naming microorganisms but demonstrated that it is an ongoing process, and that scientists are working to create a system that is accurate, practical, and beneficial for all.

108 SeqCode: a nomenclatural code for prokaryotes described from sequence data

Andrew and Lee are at the Global Microbial Identifier conference (GMI13) in Vancouver Canada. We talk to Dr William Hsiao, one of the organisers of the conference.

112 Global Microbial Identifier conference with Will Hsiao

We continue our conversation with Wytamma Wirth about write-the and all things AI. It starts with discussing the usage of language models, specifically ChatGPT, in writing boilerplate code, and how it can assist in generating code snippets, unit tests, and even documentation strings. The participants also explore the potential of incorporating it into code editors to make coding more efficient and less error-prone.

The conversation then shifts to discuss the generation of research papers, specifically software announcements, by leveraging code documentation. The participants believe ChatGPT could be useful in generating introductions and backgrounds for such publications. They also touch upon the utility of language models in translating documentation into different human languages to assist non-native English speakers.

The discussion returns to code documentation, focusing on the tool "write the docs" which auto-generates well-structured and searchable documentation websites. The participants appreciate the tool's ease of use and the potential it has in maintaining proper documentation for projects. The conversation ends with an acknowledgment of the importance of human oversight in automating tasks using language models.

Links:
Write-the software: https://github.com/Wytamma/write-the
Wytamma Wirth: https://www.wytamma.com/

115 Write-the: speeding up software development for bioinformatics

Andrew, Nabil, and Lee react to the bioinformatics and the science overall in the 1993 film Jurassic Park.

We looked at these YouTube clips:

* https://youtu.be/mDTaykXudVI?si=I5aiUdBGStpIKHVC
* https://youtu.be/RLz5Api676Y?si=D6nps33O42Fmk4Ac
* https://youtu.be/0Nz8YrCC9X8?si=KNwkeFoS6Bu4LOpv
* https://youtu.be/dxIPcbmo1_U?si=TOBw5AONYVCW0JzV
* https://youtu.be/m1lc8GwBKFE?si=rj7Oiq51l2_dB6ro

More information on the secret tattoo here: https://underunderstood.com/podcast/episode/jeff-goldblums-secret-tattoo-jurassic-park-ian-malcolm/

118 Real bioinformaticians react to Jurassic Park

125 Kostas Konstantinidis returns to talk to us about ANI and metagenomics

Nabil and Lee have a quick chat about minimum spanning trees (MST).

Eburst paper: https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2105-10-152

127 Minimum spanning trees

Host Andrew Page is joined by Robert Petit from the Wyoming Public Health Laboratory. Robert, a key developer of the Bactopia pipeline, shares insights into how this end-to-end tool is transforming bacterial genomic surveillance. They dive into the origins of Bactopia, its applications in public health, and Robert's experience leading genomic projects in a rural setting. Discover how Bactopia streamlines pathogen detection, improves documentation, and integrates with other tools to deliver fast and accurate results.

Listen in as they discuss new innovations in bioinformatics, including visualizations and human-read filtering, and explore future projects like CamelHUMP, designed to simplify sequence-based typing. Recorded live at the Microbial Bioinformatics Hackathon in Bethesda, Maryland, this episode brings you the latest in pathogen genomics and the challenges and rewards of working on the frontier of public health.

129 Genomics on the Frontier: Bactopia, Bioinformatics, and Pathogen Surveillance with Robert Petit

In this episode of the Micro binfie Podcast, host Andrew Page sits down with Tim Dallman at the 10th Bioinformatics Hackathon in Bethesda, Maryland. Tim shares insights from his work at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, where he focuses on genomic surveillance and machine learning models to predict disease risk and severity. They discuss the challenges of integrating genomic variation into predictive models, the importance of high-quality metadata, and the complexities of working with pathogens like Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Tim also talks about his role at the WHO Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence Hub and how global collaboration can drive innovation in public health genomics. Tune in to hear about cutting-edge research, the importance of interdisciplinary teamwork, and how genomic data can be harnessed for future pandemic preparedness.

130 Exploring Genomic Innovation and Machine Learning in Public Health

In this episode of the Micro Binfie Podcast, host Andrew Page catches up with Torsten Seemann at the 10th Microbial Bioinformatics Hackathon in Bethesda, Maryland. They discuss the rapid evolution of bioinformatics, the challenges faced by labs worldwide, and the explosion of tools post-COVID. Torsten shares insights into his work at Melbourne’s Microbiological Diagnostic Unit (MDU), the development of platforms like OzTracker for bacterial genomics, and how his lab plays a national and international role in data sharing. 

The conversation dives into the future of the widely-used variant calling tool Snippy, as Torsten reveals exciting updates funded by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, including nanopore read support and the ability to process pre-assembled genomes. They also explore the importance of maintaining open-source bioinformatics tools to prevent them from becoming obsolete. Tune in for an in-depth discussion on the state of genomics, software development, and the challenges and rewards of open-source collaboration.

131 Bioinformatics Evolution: Torsten Seemann on Snippy, Open-Source Support, and Global Genomics

In this episode of the Micro Binfie podcast, host Andrew Page is live from the 10th Microbial Bioinformatics Hackathon in Bethesda, Maryland. He sits down with David Mahoney, a PhD student from Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. David shares his research on characterizing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and their transfer within metagenomes, focusing on metagenomic assembly graphs.

They delve into David’s background in food safety microbiology and his interest in the public health implications of genomics. He explains his exciting work on analyzing how AMR genes transfer across different environments, such as food production plants and clinical settings, using both new and existing data from Canada’s Genomics Research and Development Initiative.

David also highlights his use of innovative methods like assembly graphs and graph-based approaches to uncover AMR gene flow and lateral gene transfers, including the potential of machine learning techniques such as graph convolutional neural networks.

132 Unlocking the Secrets of Antimicrobial Resistance in Metagenomes

In this episode of the Micro Binfie podcast, host Andrew Page talks with Dr. Erin Young, a bioinformatician at the Utah Public Health Laboratory, recorded during the 10th Microbial Bioinformatics Hackathon in Bethesda, Maryland. Erin shares her journey from researching hereditary cancer predisposition to her current role in public health bioinformatics, which she entered through a prestigious CDC and APHL fellowship. The conversation delves into her work with bacterial pathogens, particularly in tracking antimicrobial resistance in organisms like Klebsiella. Erin discusses the tools she uses for genome typing, such as MASH, FastANI, and SKA, and her innovative research on the accuracy of long-read sequencing technologies like Nanopore for detecting antimicrobial resistance genes. She also provides a preview of her upcoming poster for ASM, where she examines how Nanopore reads can be used effectively in public health microbiology. This episode offers a fascinating look at how bioinformatics and genomics are advancing the fight against infectious diseases.

133 The Role of Bioinformatics in Public Health and Disease Outbreaks

In this episode of the Micro Binfie Podcast, host Andrew Page speaks with Dr. Brooke Talbot, a recent PhD graduate from Emory University, about her research on Staphylococcus aureus, with a focus on MRSA and antibiotic resistance. Brooke shares insights into her molecular epidemiology work, discussing the complexities of tracking resistant bacterial strains in clinical settings and the significance of genomic epidemiology in public health. From honeybees to foodborne outbreaks, Brooke’s diverse research background offers listeners a fascinating journey through science, microbiology, and epidemiology.

134 Diving into MRSA, Genomics, and Public Health

In this episode of the Micro Binfie podcast, host Andrew Page is joined by Nikhita Puthuveetil, Senior Bioinformatician at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). They delve into ATCC's ambitious project of sequencing a vast array of organisms from their renowned collection, tackling the challenges of assembling complex genomes from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and more. Discover how Nikhita and her team navigate through genomic roadblocks, leverage cutting-edge sequencing technologies, and work to ensure accurate data provenance. Whether it's large viral genomes or evolving taxonomy, this episode offers a deep dive into the fascinating world of microbial bioinformatics and genomic curation.

135 Assembling ATCC bacterial strains

In this episode of the Micro Binfie Podcast, host Andrew Page takes listeners to the heart of the microbial genomics hackathon in Bethesda, Maryland, for an engaging conversation with special guest Megan Phillips, a PhD student from Emory University. Megan delves into her research on Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), highlighting its fascinating dual nature as both a harmless and potentially serious pathogen.

Megan discusses the complexities of tetracycline resistance, particularly focusing on plasmid-mediated mechanisms involving the pt181 plasmid. She explains how this plasmid’s efflux pump, encoded by the gene tetK, contributes to variable resistance levels and the factors influencing MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) variability. Listeners will learn about the intricacies of plasmid copy numbers, their global spread across clonal complexes, and the occurrence of horizontal and vertical gene transfer.

Throughout the episode, Megan shares insights on working with short-read sequencing data and the strategies she employs to detect plasmid presence using tools like BLAST. She also touches on the challenges and fascinating discoveries of tracking historical sample data and integrating findings from older research papers, showcasing her appreciation for the poetic style of scientific writing from the 1940s.

For those interested in antimicrobial resistance, evolutionary microbiology, and the subtleties of bacterial genome analysis, this episode offers a compelling blend of technical details and engaging storytelling. Tune in to hear more about Megan’s upcoming publications, her experiences navigating complex genomic data, and her thoughts on antimicrobial stewardship and historical perspectives on drug resistance.

138 Decoding Tetracycline Resistance in MRSA

In this episode of the Podcast, hosts Lee Katz and Andrew Page delve into the intricacies of clinical metagenomics. Joined by experts Torsten Seemann and Finlay Maguire, they explore the challenges and methodologies involved in identifying pathogens in clinical samples when traditional diagnostic methods fail. They discuss the types of samples analyzed, the impact of low DNA concentrations, and the complexities of sequencing data interpretation. The conversation highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between bioinformaticians and clinicians in managing difficult infections. Despite the hurdles, clinical metagenomics is presented as a complementary tool aiding in diagnosis, emphasizing the need for genomic literacy among healthcare professionals.

140 Exploring Clinical Metagenomics

On this episode we are joined by Sara Zufan to discuss her PhD journey and recent projects. The episode covers various research experiences and challenges in the field, including the rapid detection of AMR using nanopore sequencing, COVID-19 projects, hepatitis A outbreak investigations, and Lassa virus surveillance in Liberia. The guests share insights into their professional journeys, their experiences working across different continents, and the future of microbial bioinformatics research.

139 Lassa virus genomics

In a two-part discussion, the hosts analyze the movie Contagion from their expert perspectives, focusing on the film's portrayal of epidemiology and genomics. They note that the movie compresses timelines for dramatic effect, speeding up the virus's spread and the response to it, and that decisions about managing a crisis are based on societal values, not just science.

In part one, the hosts discuss the movie's depiction of the R0 value. They note that while this explanation is useful for the audience, it is unlikely that an epidemiologist would need to explain this concept to other epidemiologists. The group notes that the MEV1 virus is modeled on the real-life Nipah virus and comment on a scene where the genome of the virus is described as being 15 to 19 kilobases in length with 6 to 10 genes. They also discuss the movie's depiction of virus isolation and the unrealistic speed with which the initial assessment of the virus occurs. The podcasters touch upon the BSL4 lab and how the film depicts how the scientists behave. They also discuss the character of Matt Damon, who is exposed to the virus but does not get sick, and is an example of an asymptomatic carrier.

In part two, the bioinformaticians examine the "genome dashboard" scene, noting the software's informative interface, which includes an alignment panel, protein structure, and a recombination map. They also discuss a scene where a phylogenetic tree is used to determine a change in the R0 value. They find this unrealistic because the tree is just a picture that doesn't accurately represent how a virus spreads. The group discusses how the bioinformatician is depicted in the film as moving in and out of the lab, which may have been realistic in 2011 but is less so in the present day. They discuss how the CDC is portrayed in the film, noting scenes that were filmed at the actual CDC, as well as their experiences at the CDC. The podcasters note the movie is very US-centric and that many international partners would be involved in solving a global pandemic.

136 Contagion part 1

137 Contagion part 2

Andrew, Lee, Torsten, and Fin muse over the future of MLST, Illumina, and Nanopore at the ASM NGS Hackathon

141 hackathon panel

The crew talks about the genomeqc ecosystem. Check it out at https://happykhan.github.io/qualibact/

Errata: The project name was chaned to qualibact and is no longer genomeqc as mentioned on the episode.

142 - Microbinfie - genomeqc

143 - where we catch up on our professional lives

Nabil and Lee bring a guest host Clint to talk with some of the people behind Pathoplexus http://pathoplexus.org/ 

* Dr. Emma Hodcroft - https://pathoplexus.org/about/eb
* Dr. Theo Sanderson - https://pathoplexus.org/about/development-team
* Mr. Arthur Shem Kasambula - https://pathoplexus.org/about/development-team 

144 - micro binfie Pathoplexus part 1

FASTQ files are the foundation of modern bioinformatics. Tune into an informal chat between Lee, Nabil and Andrew as they tell the story of how FASTQs evolved out of nowhere, with all the backstories and qwerks. You might even learn something.

03 FASTQ - all your bases are belong to us

In this episode we identify areas of “Peak-bioinformatics”. There are a lot of existing bioinformatics software out there - more often than not the new tool you want to write already exists or a new tool cannot effectively improve. We discuss this in terms of genome assembly, read mapping and phylogenetics. 

Question and comments? microbinfie@gmail.com

SHOW NOTES
Generally, novel software is not needed if:
There are a plethora of existing tools
The problem is more or less solved or its been shown to be unsolvable
The underlying technology or problem is now obsolete and/or superceded by other methods. 

Multiple sequence aligners:
MAFFT https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/software/
MUSCLE  https://www.drive5.com/muscle/ 
Whole genome aligners:
Mauve  http://darlinglab.org/mauve/mauve.html
Mugsy http://mugsy.sourceforge.net/
Sibellia  http://bioinf.spbau.ru/sibelia
Parsnp https://github.com/marbl/parsnp

Assemblers:
SPADES https://github.com/ablab/spades
Skesa  https://github.com/ncbi/SKESA
Velvet https://www.ebi.ac.uk/~zerbino/velvet/
Abyss https://github.com/bcgsc/abyss
Edena  http://www.genomic.ch/edena.php
Ray http://denovoassembler.sourceforge.net/

Long read assemblies
HGAP https://github.com/PacificBiosciences/Bioinformatics-Training/wiki/HGAP-2.0
Flye https://github.com/fenderglass/Flye
Canu https://github.com/marbl/canu
Ra https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656306v1
Unicycler  https://github.com/rrwick/Unicycler

Read mapping
BWA http://bio-bwa.sourceforge.net/ 
Bowtie2 http://bio-bwa.sourceforge.net/
Minimap2 https://github.com/lh3/minimap2 (BWA better for short reads: https://lh3.github.io/2018/04/02/minimap2-and-the-future-of-bwa)
BBtools https://jgi.doe.gov/data-and-tools/bbtools/
BLAST/BLAT: https://genome.ucsc.edu/FAQ/FAQblat.html
SMALT https://www.sanger.ac.uk/science/tools/smalt-0
Snippy https://github.com/tseemann/snippy
Phenix:  https://github.com/phe-bioinformatics/PHEnix

Variant callers
GATK: https://software.broadinstitute.org/gatk/
VIPR: https://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.spg?decorator=vipr  
Varscan2  http://varscan.sourceforge.net/

Workflow managers
Bespoke example https://github.com/VertebrateResequencing/vr-codebase
Snakemake. https://snakemake.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
Nextflow  https://www.nextflow.io/
Galaxy  https://usegalaxy.org/
Bpipe  https://github.com/ssadedin/bpipe

Phylogenetics:
Raxml - Raxml-NG https://cme.h-its.org/exelixis/software.html 
IQTREE http://www.iqtree.org/ 
FastTree http://www.microbesonline.org/fasttree/ 
BEAST 1&2 https://www.beast2.org/ 
RevBayes  https://revbayes.github.io/

Metagenomics
Taxonomic classification: Megan, Kraken, SIGMA, MIDAS, metaphlan2, mOTUs. 
Assemblers: MetaSpades, metaflye, MEGAHIT, MetaVelvet, a lot of single isolate assemblers have been tweaked to run on metagenomes.
https://github.com/lskatz/Kalamari

AMR
https://github.com/arpcard/amr_curation
https://food-safety-bioinformatics-hackathon.github.io/AMR-protocols/
ABRICATE https://github.com/tseemann/abricate 
ARIBA https://www.sanger.ac.uk/science/tools/ariba 
Too many detection tools:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/18XGWpDiaE249qQKDAL7gdBCka0Z1drpA_s3FElfMJe0/edit#gid=0

Other mentioned resources
Mentioned Recent review. 
Zhang W, Chen J, Yang Y, Tang Y, Shang J, Shen B (2011) A Practical Comparison of De Novo Genome Assembly Software Tools for Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies. PLoS ONE 6(3): e17915. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017915
The Assemblerthon: https://assemblathon.org/
Blog post describing that BWA better for short reads: https://lh3.github.io/2018/04/02/minimap2-and-the-future-of-bwa
The science web: https://thescienceweb.wordpress.com/2015/03/23/each-bioinformatician-to-have-their-own-personal-short-read-aligner-by-2016/

01 What bioinformatics software not to write part 1

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00 Trailer

Microbial Bioinformatics is a rapidly changing field marrying computer science and microbiology. Join us as we share some tips and tricks we’ve learnt over the years. If you’re student just getting to grips to the field, or someone who just wants to keep tabs on the latest and greatest - this podcast is for you. 

The hosts are Dr. Lee Katz from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (US), Dr. Nabil-Fareed Alikhan from the University of Oxford (UK), and Prof. Andrew Page from Theiagen Genomics (UK) and bring together years of experience in microbial bioinformatics.

The opinions expressed here are our own and do not necessarily reflect the views of Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, University of Oxford or Theiagen Genomics.

Intro music : Werq - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Outro music : Scheming Weasel (faster version) - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Question and comments? microbinfie@gmail.com

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