China's leader Xi Jinping often visits museums and his speeches are full of analogies from history. His books, such as the Governance of China suggest he seeks to learn lessons from history as a way of deciding how China should be run today. One of the themes which often comes up is China's so-called “Century of Humiliation". Dr Andrea Janku, a Senior Lecturer in the History of China at SOAS, University of London, explains the significance of the concept to podcast host, Duncan Bartlett.   
 
China In Context: Episode 39   
Broadcast date: 2nd November, 2021

Ep39: Is China seeking revenge for a "century of humiliation"?

Much of the hard work in running China falls to about 40 million party and government officials, known as cadres. These include powerful figures, such as provincial governors, bosses of state-owned enterprises and chief prosecutors. Originally, cadres were defined as professional revolutionaries, dedicated to the goals of the Communist Party. They still need to be loyal Communists but most of them spend more time on paperwork than insurrection. In this podcast, Professor John Fitzgerald, author of Cadre Country (2022), reveals the sophisticated political processes employed by the Chinese Communist Party. The presenter is Duncan Bartlett, Editor of Asian Affairs.

Ep73: A powerful force: How cadres shape China

The UK government has taken a relatively hawkish approach to China, with the Prime Minister, Rishi Sunak, declaring that Beijing poses the “biggest challenge of our age to global security and prosperity”. Nevertheless, Foreign Secretary James Cleverly travelled to Beijing with the goal to stabilise relations. In this podcast Duncan Bartlett discusses Britain’s dilemma over China with guest presenter, Paul Hodges, Chairman of New Normal Consulting.

Ep128: Britain’s dilemma over China

In a bid to strengthen ties with Western nations, Xi Jinping has issued a stern warning against "decoupling" from China's economy. He urged leaders to view China's development as an asset, not a threat. Nevertheless, official data reveals a sharp decline in Chinese imports to the United States. In this podcast, Thomas Gatley, China Strategist at Gavekal Dragonomics, reflects on the situation in conversation with regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep136: What is at stake if the US decouples from China?

For ten years, China has been pushing other countries to partner with it through the Belt and Road initiative (BRI). While some nations such as Russia are fans of the project, it has largely been snubbed by the West. In this podcast, Fraser Howie, a respected independent analyst on China, considers whether the BRI is becoming an obsolete concept. The host is Duncan Bartlett from the SOAS China Institute.

Ep137: Who still has faith in the Belt and Road Initiative?

China says it will do its utmost to restore peace to the Middle East and has called for a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas in the Gaza strip. Its proposal has been rejected by Israel as the ground assault on Gaza continues. Meanwhile in China itself, feelings on the Middle East conflict are gathering intensity, with social media revealing an anti-semitic streak among some influencers. In this podcast, the journalist and author Howard Zhang explains China’s approach to the Middle East in conversation with regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep138: How China sees the Middle East

China’s currency, the yuan, has seen its value against the US dollar depreciate sharply this year. That may reflect foreign disillusionment with China’s economic prospects and policy making. Many investors are also unnerved by a regulatory crackdown on technology companies, with the Communist Party insisting on more centralised control. In this podcast,  George Magnus, a research associate at the SOAS China Institute and Oxford University's China Centre, discusses China’s economic challenges with regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep139: Trouble for the yuan

The overall assessment of the historic summit between Xi Jinping and Joe Biden seems to have been positive. There was a softness in Biden’s tone, and Xi seemed happy during and after their long meeting. However, there were sticking points. Joe Biden described the Chinese leader as a dictator during a press conference. And according to the US side, Xi Jinping is still posing a threat to Taiwan. In this podcast, Professor Christopher Tang at the UCLA Anderson School of Management, offers his appraisal to regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep140: Xi Jinping's California encounter with Joe Biden

The FBI claims that spying by China represents the "defining threat of this generation". It says a vast network of agents in China and abroad are gathering secrets on an unprecedented scale, spreading disinformation and disrupting democratic processes. In this podcast, Calder Walton from Harvard University explains the conclusions of his new book 'Spies: The epic intelligence war between East and West' (2023) to regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep141: The audacity of Chinese spies

China has been trying to persuade the world’s super wealthy that it remains a good place to invest. It throws parties where the finest champagne flows to show its enthusiasm for international business. Yet confidence has been undermined by political interference in the affairs of many firms. In this podcast, Duncan Wrigley, Chief China Plus economist, Pantheon Macroeconomics, discusses China’s tactics with regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep143: China pops open the champagne for US executives

Xi Jinping and Joe Biden have exchanged greetings to mark the start of the new year, noting the 45th anniversary of diplomatic ties. Foreign Minister Wang Yi said cooperation between China and the US is an imperative. Nevertheless, many potential obstacles stand in the way of a smooth relationship, as James McGregor, Chairman of APCO Worldwide’s Greater China region, explains in this podcast. The host is Duncan Bartlett, Editor of Asian Affairs.

Ep144: 2024: A crucial year for US-China relations

China has sought to portray Taiwan’s new president Lai Ching-te Lai, also known as William Lai, as a dangerously pro-independence provocateur. The Chinese Communist Party has reiterated that there is only one China in the world and has claimed that Taiwan is part of China. In this podcast, historian Dr Gerrit van der Wees considers how the new president will handle relations with China, as well as decide on foreign policy towards other countries, such as the US and Japan. The host is Duncan Bartlett, Editor of Asian Affairs magazine.

China In Context

Ep145: How will Taiwan’s new president handle China?

China's population is shrinking. The National Bureau of Statistics reports that it has fallen by about three million in two years. This puts pressure on the economy, as the number of people in work is also in decline, at the time as the group of retired and elderly people is increasing. One hope is that 2024 will see a bump in births, as it is the year of the dragon in Chinese astrology, a symbol of good fortune. In this podcast, Paul Hodges, Chairman of New Normal Consulting considers China’s demographic dilemma during a discussion with regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep146: What dangers lurk in the year of the dragon?

Giorgia Meloni - leader of a right wing party - has confounded her critics since becoming prime minister of Italy. She has taken on major diplomatic challenges and is currently enjoying attention as the president of the G7 group of industrialised nations. Ms Meloni has said that Italy will no longer be a part of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a scheme designed to promote investment in infrastructure. In this podcast, the author and journalist Bill Emmott discusses Ms Meloni’s political approach with regular host, Duncan Bartlett. Mr Emmott is Chair of the IISS think tank.

Ep147: How will Italy’s Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni handle relations with China?

Believers in the Chinese zodiac say that this could be an auspicious year for Xi Jinping. It’s been 12 years since he replaced Hu Jintao as general secretary of China’s Communist Party. Xi uses sophisticated media systems to ensure that all citizens study his thoughts. This has helped to ensure that he has overwhelming control of the Chinese political system and society. In this podcast, Chun Han Wong, a correspondent for the Wall Street Journal, discusses how Xi views leadership, Taiwan and US-China relations. The host is regular presenter, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep148: The Rise of Xi Jinping and China’s Superpower Future

Chinese politics have been transformed since Xi Jinping became paramount leader in 2012. He has accumulated power in a way unprecedented since the era of Mao Zedong and he expects China's people to study his ideology, just as Chairman Mao's supporters studied his 'Little Red Book'. Professor Steve Tsang, Director of the SOAS China Institute, and Olivia Cheung, Research Fellow at the SOAS China Institute, have co-authored a new book on the philosophy of the Chinese leader, 'The Political Thought of Xi Jinping', which was recently published by Oxford University Press. In this podcast, Professor Tsang discusses the book's themes with Isabel Hilton, visiting Professor at King's College London and the founder of China Dialogue.

Ep149: Xi Jinping Thought

Protest art was everywhere in Hong Kong a few years ago. Then the Chinese authorities introduced tough new laws which they said were designed to prevent sedition. Most of the art was torn down and some of its creators fled the city in fear. However, memories are kept alive online, especially of a statue portraying a young female protestor, dubbed Lady Liberty, who brandished a flag reading “Free Hong Kong, Revolution of Our Times.” San San F. Young - director of the documentary Hong Kong Mixtape - tells Lady Liberty’s story to regular podcast host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep150: Hong Kong artists fight for liberty

Just a few years ago, it would have been inconceivable that a Chinese company would disrupt the automotive industry by exporting vast quantities of cheap, reliable electric vehicles. But the Chinese company BYD has overtaken Tesla in terms of overall sales and it is determined to win market share from long-established car giants, such as Volkswagen and Toyota. Does BYD's success result from generous government subsidies? Or, as its bosses claim, it is just better at taking risks than its rivals? In this podcast, Dr Mercy Kuo, Executive Vice President and geopolitical risk advisor at Pamir Consulting, offers her analysis of BYD and other Chinese companies to regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep151: Advising American CEOs on China risks

The authorities in China are trying to put an end to a three-year stock market decline and win back the confidence of overseas traders. It is not proving an easy process. Investors cite a range of reasons to be cautious about the Chinese market, including a slowdown in growth, doubts about the reliability of information and opaque policymaking. In this podcast, Duncan Wrigley, Chief China Economist at Pantheon Economics, discusses the volatility on the Chinese market with regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep152: Trouble on the stock market

The Chief Executive of Hong Kong, John Lee has been instructed by his superiors in mainland China to enact further strict security legislation in the city without delay. Pro-democracy advocates warn the move will have a detrimental impact on civil liberties. The proposed new laws cover treason, insurrection, incitement and collusion with external forces. Penalties range from a few years in jail to life imprisonment. In this podcast, renowned law professor Michael C Davis - who lived in Hong Kong for many years - offers his analysis of the proposed new laws to regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep153: Hong Kong rushes through new security legislation

The government of Anthony Albanese in Australia has sought to stabilise the relationship with China and avoid heated rhetoric. As a result, China has agreed to relax a 200% tariff on Australian wine, which was imposed during a period of diplomatic strife. Australia's Foreign Minister Penny Wong says: “We seek to cooperate with China where we can, disagree where we must and engage in our national interest.” In this podcast, James Laurenceson, Director of the Australia-China Relations Institute at University of Technology in Sydney, offers his analysis of the situation in conversation with regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep154: Australia toasts Xi Jinping

China is quickly amassing weapons and systems to militarily overwhelm Taiwan, according to a senior US admiral. John Aquilino told a recent hearing in Washington that China could be poised to take such an action within the next six years. If conflict breaks out, it would be a grave matter to deal with, following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the October 2023 attack by Hamas on Israel. In this podcast, Dr Gerrit van der Wees, who teaches Taiwan’s history and current affairs at George Mason University in Washington, considers the crucial relationship between Taiwan and the United States. The podcast is hosted by regular presenter, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep155: What does Taiwan want from America?

The escalating Houthi attacks in the Red Sea region are creating economic and security concerns globally. The US and UK have responded with airstrikes against Houthi sites in Yemen, in an attempt to prevent the group from endangering freedom of navigation and disrupting trade. The repercussions are also felt in China, a powerful maritime nation. On this podcast, Christopher S. Tang, a professor in Business Administration at the Anderson School of UCLA in California, considers how China and other countries are seeking to mitigate the risks. The podcast is hosted by regular presenter, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep156: China’s alarm at the Red Sea crisis

The introduction of advanced surveillance technologies has given the Chinese Communist Party powerful tools. It collects information related to people’s spending habits. It is also able to record how they act at work, and even in their homes. Is the state justified in using these tools to influence people’s behaviour? In this podcast, Professor Minxin Pei at Claremont McKenna College in California, USA discusses his recent book The Sentinel State: Surveillance and the Survival of Dictatorship with regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep157: Why does China spy on its citizens?

China has emphasised its pro-Palestinian stance during the Israel-Gaza war. It has been critical of Washington’s handling of the situation, especially the American policy of arming Israel. In this podcast, Dr Mercy Kuo from Pamir Consulting considers how China’s role in the Middle East has developed since President Xi Jinping came to power. The host is regular presenter, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep158: How China sees Gaza

China's factories have pumped out so many solar panels that other countries are complaining. Some people are said to be lining their garden fences with the panels, due to a global glut of the product. This is being held up as an example of a new type of "China shock". Previously, China’s economic rise caused a shock to trade and the labour markets. Companies which were unable to withstand the intense competition often laid off staff. In this podcast, Rory Green, China Economist, GlobalData TS Lombard discusses the situation with regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep159: Can China still shock the global economy?

Japan has taken a tough stance on China, with Prime Minister Fumio Kishida firmly committed to upholding the American vision of a “free and open Indo-Pacific.” But China is also a huge market for Japanese companies for which talk of “decoupling” from China is regarded as commercial folly. In this podcast, Duncan Bartlett, a Research Associate at the SOAS China Institute, offers his views on how the two Asian rivals see each other. The host is John Andrews, former Asia Editor of The Economist.

Ep160: China criticises Japan’s alleged "wrong actions"

Xi Jinping is urging Chinese companies to compete vigorously with other countries in the development of advanced technology, including high end computer chips. There is an ideological basis to the strategy: Xi Jinping has spoken about China becoming much more self-reliant. But the battle for supremacy in tech causes tension in the realm of international relations, as Dr Olivia Cheung, Research Fellow at the SOAS China Institute explains to regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep161: What does Xi Jinping think about technology?

The prime minister of Hungary, Viktor Orban, regards China as a "pillar of the new world order." Mr Orban admires leaders such as Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin, who are challenging the western-led system. Professor Hanns Maull from the Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS) believes that Xi Jinping’s visit to Hungary in May 2024 showed that he is "promoting autocracy." The podcast host is Duncan Bartlett.

Ep162: Xi Jinping's fraught relationship with Europe

China is becoming a dominant force in the online realm in Southeast Asia. Partnerships through a network known as the Digital Silk Road enable China to have extensive influence on how people access the internet in countries such as Cambodia, Nepal and Thailand. In this podcast, campaigner Michael Caster explains what he sees as a battle for free speech in the region. The podcast is presented by regular host, Duncan Bartlett.

Ep163: China's grip on the internet in Southeast Asia

China In Context is a weekly podcast which offers expert analysis on politics, culture and international relations. It features interviews with leading academics and associates at the SOAS China Institute, University of London. The podcast is hosted by the Editor of Asian Affairs magazine, Duncan Bartlett.

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