Producer: Winnie Orbih

On the morning of June 16, 1976, thousands of students from the African township of Soweto, outside Johannesburg, gathered at their schools to participate in a student-organized protest demonstration against the imposition of Afrikaans. It was meant to be a peaceful protest but hundreds were killed in the police response. This podcast details the dramatic events that took, place on the day, which marked the beginning of the end of the Apartheid system.
Bio
Winifred Orbih is currently undertaking the Nigerian Bar Examination and graduated from Warwick Law School in 2018.
With Special Thanks
Dr Illan Rua Wall, Associate Professor at the School of Law, Warwick University.
Lisa Heledd Jones, Director of Storyworks UK.
Professor Noor Nieftagodien, South African Research Chair: Local Histories, Present Realities, Head of History Workshop, University of Witwatersrand.
Dr Matt Graham, Lecturer in History, University of Dundee.
Music
Bruce Miller,Music of Children and Teachers Eastern Uganda
Daniel Birch,Elevator Game
End of Winter,Rest You Sleeping Giant
Komiku, Ultra Person Vol 4
MC Cullah,Cullahnary School
(All music obtained from freemusicarchive.org)
Books
Baruch Hirson,Year of Fire, Year of Ash The Soweto Revolt: Roots of a Revolution?
David Welsh, The Rise and Fall of Apartheid.
Håkan Thörnn, Anti-apartheid and the emergence of a global civil society.
Marks Chabedi, State Power, Violence, Crime and Everyday Life: A Case Study of Soweto in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Paul Dubow, Apartheid, 1948-1994.
Robert Harvey, The Fall of Apartheid: The Inside Story from Smuts to Mbeki.
Robin Cohen, Yvonne Methien and Abebe Zegeye (eds.),Repression and Resistance: Insider Accounts of Apartheid.
Journals
Ali Khangela Hlongwane, The mapping of the June 16 1976 Soweto student uprisings routes: past recollections and present reconstruction(s).
Archie Mafeje, Soweto and Its Aftermath.
Christo Van Rensburg, Afrikaans and apartheid.
France N. Ntloedibe, The Road to Soweto: Resistance and the Uprising of 16 June 1976.
Gary Baines,The Master Narrative of South Africa’s Liberation Struggle: Remembering and Forgetting June 16, 1976.
Helena Pohlandt-McCormick, Winnie Mandela and the 1976 Soweto Uprising.
Ruth Kerkham Simbao, The Thirtieth Anniversary of the Soweto Uprisings:
Reading the Shadow in Sam Nzima’s Iconic Photograph of Hector Pieterson.
Siﬁso Mxolisi Ndlovu, The Soweto Uprising.
Siobhan Glanvill, Analysing the Construction of South African Youth in Historical-Related Images and Texts Around the Time of 16 June 2011.
Thesis
Frederik Johannus Kooijmans, The Politics of Youth and Violence in the Townships of Johannesburg.
Ian Martin Macqueen, Re-Imagining South Africa: Black Conciousness, Radical Christianity and the New Left, 1967-1977.
James Canvin,From Skollies to Revolutionaries: The Shift of Identity in a Cape Town Generation in Re- sponse to the Soweto Uprising of 1976.
Mafu Solomon Rakometsi, The Transformation of Black School Education in South Africa, 1950-1994: A Historical Perspective.
Monica Eileen Patterson, Constructions of Childhood in Apartheid’s Last Decades
Rachel E. Johnson,Making History, Gendering Youth : Young Woman and South Africa’s Liberation Struggles after 1976 .
Simon McGrat,Learning to Work? Changing Discourses on Education and Training in South Africa, 1976-96.
Stephanie Bell, Unequal Education? Knowledge-based limitations on substantive citizenship in South Africa.

Explicit

Orders in Decay (Series 1)

Beyond Your Command: Soweto Uprising

Producer Eva Djukic explains that it’s difficult to imagine a world in which AIDS isn’t normalised. This podcast tells the untold struggle that non-hegemonic classes went through to thrust AIDS onto the political agenda. Not everyone can remain anaesthetised to public order – for the suspect population it becomes a matter of life and death. This podcast explores the social and political pedagogies that defined and confined early AIDS activism and looks at the changing momentum in 1987 that led to the formation of ACT UP. It uses Resource Mobilisation and Collective Identity Theory to establish how the movement arose and how its tactics and ideologies were shaped.

The podcast challenges the dominant discourse which confines the movement’s legacies as catalysts for gay and lesbian rights. It seeks to establish that ACT UP’s greatest achievement was the deconstruction of the knowledge-power dichotomy which helped change global health policy, gave rise to ‘AIDS exceptionalism’ and led to the largest international commitment of resources to a health crisis in history.

Special Thanks to Dr Illan Wall, Associate Professor at the School of Law, Warwick University: For his consistent extensive support throughout the production of the podcast. And to Professor Patricia Siplon, Professor of Political Science and Director of Public Health, Saint Michael’s College Vermont: For participating as an interviewee and sharing her valuable expertise.

BBC Sounds < sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/ >
• Eurostar – Eurostar train arrives (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Traffic – Night traffic – Trafalgar Square, London- 1972 (1R2, reprocessed) (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Vocal & Heart Effects – Heart beating, 18 year old male’s heart (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Crowds, Children & Footsteps – Industrial Dispute, chanting among marchers (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Electrical Radiation – Radio Interference (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Betting Shop – Atmosphere with public address (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• German Crowds- German crowd, exterior, mixed angry crowd (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Manual Typewriter (Close Perspective) – Manual Typewriter: Close Perspective, fast typing (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Exterior Crowds 1 – Crowd shouting, screaming, laughing – close perspective – 1972 (2C1, reprocessed) (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Gongs & Cymbals – Gong rolls (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Motor horns – American Police Siren being sounded (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Skids – Car approach & skid (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Motor Horns (electric) – Multitone Motor Horn, impatient blasts sounded (Electrical motor horn) (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
• Pulleys, Winches & Chains – Chains rattling (Credit to: BBC Sound Effects)
Other
• Car Horn Doppler by PE865405
www.videvo.net/sound-effect/car-…-pe865405/238691/

Music
Free music archive < freemusicarchive.org/home >
• O Fortuna – MIT Concert Choir
• Patience – Sergey Cheremisinov
• Songs for a Sad Guitar – Rest you Sleeping giant
• Acoustic Mediation – Jason Shaw
• To live – Sergey Cheremisinov
• Breakthrough – Pictures of the Floating world

Icons8
• audionautix.com/Music/AcousticMeditation2.mp3
• The last Guardian – Dream Machine
• There is no way back – Ilya Marfin
• Circadian – Anatu
• The world light – Les Temps Modernes
• Radiant – Dream Machine
• Perfect Time – Svyat Ilin

#40 ACT UP, Fight Back By Orders in Decay is licensed under a  Creative Commons License.

ACT UP, Fight Back

Produced by Zosha Elleston, the podcast will explore and analyse the 1921 Tulsa riots and massacre. Shooting, theft and unlawful detention were just some of the atrocities that arose from the conflict between the prosperous black neighbourhood and the white neighbourhood within Tulsa. We will explore systemic racism and racial segregation.

I want to sincerely thank Professor Kimberly Fain and Professor Chris Messer, who provided me with a rich detail of analysis for the podcast. I have learned a great deal from them both.

Sounds and Music
Best, O. (2009). “Taps - America The Beautiful (Medley).” Vosotros (curator). In: vosotros presents: ¡ YES WE PUEDE ! Free Music Archive

Matthews, W. (2014). “Michaels Song” WFMU (curator). In: Live on WFMU with Irene Trudel: April 14, 2014 Free Music Archive

Matthews, W. (2014). “The Little Clowns Piece” WFMU (curator). In: Live on WFMU with Irene Trudel: April 14, 2014 Free Music Archive

Matthews, W. (2014). “Waltz for Django” WFMU (curator). In: Live on WFMU with Irene Trudel: April 14, 2014 Free Music Archive

Thornton, W. (2013). “Twenty.” In: New River Vol. 1 Free Music Archive

Unknown. ‘‘1 Woman Screaming & Crying - Woman, uncontrolled sobbing.” In: BBC Sound Effects. BBC

Unknown. ‘‘Army - Army Drill, marching in broken step.” In: BBC Sound Effects. BBC

Unknown. ‘‘Barn Doors (Wooden) - Wooden barn door. Heavy door closed (interior)” In: BBC Sound Effects. BBC

Unknown. ‘‘Bbc News Sound Effects Tape - Riot no.1” In: BBC Sound Effects. BBC

Unknown. ‘‘Bits & Pieces - Riot in Belfast - more subdued.” In: BBC Sound Effects. BBC

Unknown. ‘‘Bus Ticket Machines (London Transport) - Bell Punch ticket machine operated once. (London Transport.)” In: BBC Sound Effects. BBC

Unknown. “Crowd Of 6000 At Protest Meeting - General atmosphere of crowd at protest meeting. (6000 people, recorded outdoors in England.).” In: BBC Sound Effects. BBC

Unknown. “Dial 999 - Police car departs with wail siren.” In: BBC Sound Effects. BBC

Unknown. ‘‘Fire - close-up sounds of a small fire. Some loud cracks. Very clear sounds.” In: BBC Sound Effects. BBC

Unknown. ‘‘Glass & China Crashes - Crash: Window Breaking.” In: BBC Sound Effects. BBC

Unknown. ‘‘Pheasant Shoot - Pheasant shoot, shots at cock pheasants.)” In: BBC Sound Effects.

Unknown. ‘‘Theatre - Revolver shot (simulated)” In: BBC Sound Effects.

#41 The Horrors of Tulsa By Orders in Decay is licensed under a  Creative Commons License.

The Horrors of Tulsa

Producer Ashvin Kapilan explores the use of police power in the UK, focussing on the controversial technique of 'kettling'. Featuring the work of Prof Mark Neocleous, the podcast exposes how the concept of security is often used to increase and entrench police power power at worrying levels.

Special thank you to Professor Mark Neocleous for agreeing to be interviewed for the purposes of the production of this podcast

Music and Sounds
Astrisx by Blue Dot Sessions (www.sessions.blue).
Dial 999 – Police car, pass from left to right with yelp siren by BBC Sound Effects (sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07045267)
Household – Kettle filled with water by BBC Sound Effects (sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07042254)
Household: Electric Kettle Boiling by BBC Sounds Effects (sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07027207)
Inamorata by Blue Dot Sessions (www.sessions.blue).
Kitchens – Large domestic kitchen by BBC Sound Effects (sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07056101)
London – London, West End, Portland Place – 1972 (1T1, reprocessed) by BBC Sound Effects (sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07060038)
Public Demonstration In A London Square by BBC Sound Effects (sound effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07032271).
This Passage by Blue Dot Sessions (www.sessions.blue).
True Blue Sky by Blue Dot Sessions (www.sessions.blue).
Union Hall Melody by Blue Dot Sessions (www.sessions.blue)

#43 Kettling By Orders in Decay is licensed under a  Creative Commons License.

Kettling

Producer Zuzu Walker explores the significance of costume in political protest. With help from Prof Andy Lavender, the podcast specifically examines the gilet jaunes (yellow Vests) used across the French protests from 2018-2021. Using the work of Ernesto Laclau and Jacques Ranciére, this podcast explores the duality of symbols, in seeing how the gilet jaune could be embued with masses of demands, opinions, and meaning, and how this results in it becoming ultimately meaningless.

Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge Professor Andy Lavender for his insightful interview, without whom this podcast would not be possible. As well as; André Kapsas, Anne-Claire Defossez, Didier Fassin, Ernesto Laclau, Jacques Ranciére, Stefan Kipfer and Sophie Wahnich, for their work in studying political protest.

Music Used

BBC < sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07017038 >
BBC < sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07017183 >
BBC < sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07031023 >
Podington Bear 2013. “Afterglow.” freemusicarchive.org/music/Podingto…fterglow_1910/
Podington Bear 2013. "Odd Wand." Curious. Cond. Podington Bear freemusicarchive.org/music/Podingto…urious/OddWand
Podington Bear 2017. "Senseless." <freemusicarchive.org/music/Podingto…ear/Piano_III_
Blue Dot Sessions. 2015. "Slow Line Stomp." Union Hall. Cond. Blue Dot Sessions

Boulé, Dana. 2015. "Swinging in the 7th." Songs for Paris. Cond. Dana Boulé. Comp. Dana Boulé.
Broke for Free. 2012. "Lonely Organ." Leaf. Cond. Broke for Free. Comp. Broke for Free.

#45 Gilet Jaunes By Orders in Decay is licensed under a  Creative Commons License.

Orders In Decay

Gilet Jaunes

Producer Lucy Knollys explores the movement of the mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. During the Argentinian ‘Dirty War’ 1976-83, around 30,000 people were disappeared by the state. Mothers took to the streets to demand justice for their missing children and grandchildren. With Professor Fernando J Bosco, the podcast explores how the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo repurposed traditional identities to give them political strength. Harnessing emotional intelligence, and politicising their role as mothers, they were able to create a far-reaching and enduring social movement which changed human rights in Argentina, and led to the discovery of over a hundred missing grandchildren. This podcast sheds light on an extraordinary, yet relatively unknown female-led social movement and the factors that led to its success.

Special thanks to Professor Fernando J Bosco, of San Diego State University, for participating in this podcast as an interviewee, and giving up his time to share his research into, and experiences meeting with, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo.

Thanks also to Prof Illan Wall, School of Law, University of Warwick, for his support and advice throughout this project.

Music:

All music sourced from the Free Music Archive:
freemusicarchive.org

Blue Dot Sessions, ‘Drone Birch’, 2017

Kevin MacLeod, ‘Thatched Villagers’, 2014

Trans Atlantic Rage/Balogh, ‘Soul Harmonics’, produced by Jared C. Balogh, 2012

Xylo-Ziko, ‘Dark Water.mp3’, 2020, ‘First Light.mp3’, 2020, ‘Last Light.mp3’, 2021

Sound Effects:

All sound effects sourced from BBC Sound Effects:
sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk

‘Bells: Cathedrals – Cathedral bell strikes 5’, BBC Sound Effects

‘Italy: Large Square, Distant Perspective’, BBC Sound Effects

‘Shingle Beach – Waves’, recorded by David Tombs, Natural History Unit, 1911

#46 The Power of Bereavement By Orders in Decay is licensed under a  Creative Commons License.

The Power of Bereavement: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

Producer Precious Odunaiya explains that in popular culture, vigilantes are imagined as heroes who fight for a form of justice that the legal system fails to achieve. Drawing on Christopher Nolan’s Dark Knight trilogy, this podcast investigates the thin line between vigilantism and villainy, as a way to grasp the contemporary state of exception.

Thanks to Dr Erica McCrystal, Montclair State University/Berkeley College; Dr Thomas Giddens, University of Dundee and Dr Timothy Peters, University of the Sunshine Coast

BBC Sounds, Heavy explosion-expl_07037322. [Sound Effects] United Kingdom: BBC. Available at: <
sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/> [Accessed 1 April 2022].
BBC Sounds, Police—ca_07058147. [Sound Effects] United Kingdom: BBC. Available at: <
sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/> [Accessed 1 April 2022].
BBC Sounds, Thunder---_07005233. [Sound Effects] United Kingdom: BBC. Available at: <
sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/> [Accessed 1 April 2022].
BBC Sounds, Weather---_07038339. [Sound Effects] United Kingdom: BBC. Available at: <
sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/> [Accessed 1 April 2022].
Holmes, S., Against All Odds. [Music] Scotland: Free Music Archive. Available at:
[Accessed 12 April 2022].
Holmes, S., Ascending Light. [Music] Scotland: Free Music Archive. Available at:
[Accessed 12 April 2022].
U1902177
Holmes, S., Entering the Tower. [Music] Scotland: Free Music Archive. Available at:
[Accessed 19 April 2022].
Holmes, S., Rescued. [Music] Scotland: Free Music Archive. Available at:
[Accessed 19 April 2022].
Holmes, S., Search for Them. [Music] Scotland: Free Music Archive. Available at:
[Accessed 19 April 2022].Scott Holmes –
Search for Them
Holmes, S., Summer. [Music] Scotland: Free Music Archive. Available at:
[Accessed 19 April 2022].
Holmes, S., The Boy is Missing. [Music] Scotland: Free Music Archive. Available at:
[Accessed 19 April 2022].
Quadrado, S., Arabic Sadness. [Music] Russia: Free Music Archive. Available at: <
freemusicarchive.org/music/serge-
quadrado/freemusicarchive.org/music/Scott_Holmes> [Accessed 11 April 2022].
Quadrado, S., Eastern Morning. [Music] Russia: Free Music Archive. Available at: <
freemusicarchive.org/music/serge-quadrado/> [Accessed 11 April 2022].
Quadraso, S., Suspense Piano. [Music] Russia: Free Music Archive. Available at: <
freemusicarchive.org/music/serge-quadrado/> [Accessed 11 April 2022].

#47: Vigilantism, Villainy and the Dark Knight By Orders in Decay is licensed under a  Creative Commons

Precious Odunaiya's Album

Vigilantism, Villainy and the Dark Knight

Produced by Ollie Sanderson-Nichols: Following the incendiary revelations in 2011 that members of the Metropolitan Police Service, posing as activists, had been tasked with implanting themselves within protest groups and social movements between the years of 1968 and 2010, producer Ollie Sanderson-Nichols explores the history and technique of police infiltration in the UK, and its impacts on the people and communities subject to it. Approaching police infiltration as a technology of power involved in the production and maintenance of sovereign order, this podcasts examines infiltration at the level of life and death: From the disruption to the lives of the activists who were deceived into forming (often intimate) relationships with these officers; to the forms of collective life against which the state pitted itself in developing its infiltration strategies; the peculiar necromantic rituals invoked in the formation of the undercover officers’ false personas; and the necrotic effects of infiltration upon the social and affective life of movements themselves. Featuring comments from Professor Michael Loadenthal, and engaging also with the work of Professors Ben Anderson and Michel Foucault, this is the story of the ‘unliving’.

Special thanks to Professor Michael Loadenthal (University of Cincinnati, Ohio), who kindly agreed to be interviewed for this piece of work, and whose insights, both in his published research and during our discussion, proved most valuable and thought-provoking.
Many thanks also to Professor Illan rua Wall (University of Warwick Law School) for his support, feedback and guidance throughout the project, without whom this podcast would not have been possible.

• BBC Sound Effect. “Cell Doors - Period cell doors. Cell door closed with keys, bolts, etc.” Available from: sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07011124
• BBC Sound Effects. “Animals - Horse whinnying.” Available from: sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07037453
• BBC Sound Effects. “Battle Crowd - Battle Ccrowd, with men shouting. (No gunfire.)” Available from: sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07019149
• BBC Sound Effects. “Cine Projector - 16mm RCA cine projector. Threading film and short test run.” Available from: sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07004203
• BBC Sound Effects. “Crowd Of 6000 At Protest Meeting - Chatter at close of protest meeting. (6000 people, recorded outdoors in England.)” Available from: sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07017038
• BBC Sound Effects. “Deciduous Woodland - Summer: Early Evening - With blowflies and distant song thrush.” Available from: sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=NHU05061094
• BBC Sound Effects. “Weather: Eerie Wind - Weather: Eerie wind.” Available from: sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07027033
• BBS Sound Effects. “Scratches: Records - Stylus jerked off vinyl record, record scratch” Available from: sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/search?q=07058170

Music used (all last accessed 22nd April 2022):
• Aaron Ximm (2012) Spring Rain. Available from: freemusicarchive.org/music/Aaron_Xi…-_Spring_Rain/
• Diablo (2010) “Hollow Body.” Available from: freemusicarchive.org/music/Diablo/H…1_Hollow_Body/
• Filmy Ghost (Sábila Orbe) (2018) “Himuro Mansion.” Available from: freemusicarchive.org/search/?quicks…imuro+Mansion+
• Kasey, C @ White Bat Audio ‘Escape from LV426’ youtu.be/2-wKcIkElIc
• Kosta T. (2016) Red in Black. Available from : freemusicarchive.org/music/Kosta_T/…_Red_in_Black/

#48: The Unliving: Spycops By Orders in Decay is licensed under a  Creative Commons License.

Japanese Horror Tales

The Unliving: Spycops

The Dying Art Of Protesting

Producer: Maya Viswa. This podcast will explore the 26 year Sri Lankan Civil War and its’ repercussions in modern day Sri Lanka. It will focus on the concept of disappearance as a symbol of a never ending conflict. It connects together a lack of closure, lack of truth and a mask of the true brutality that occurred. Through exploring the history of the Sri Lankan civil war, its’ modern day repercussions and the forgotten stories of the Tamil victims, this podcast will highlight that the Sri Lankan civil war never ended and perhaps may never end.

#42 The Crime of Silence By Orders in Decay is licensed under a  Creative Commons License.

Beyond Your Command: Soweto Uprising

Warwick Law School

Related tracks