Awesome Podcast

In this episode we briefly say what we're up to with the podcast.  No technical content, just a description of what each episode will look like, and why we're doing this.

00 - Intro to the podcast

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Comparative-Study-of-Word-Embeddings-for-Reading-Dhingra-Liu/3ec37205c9201fc891ab51da200e361fdc34bfb3

01 - A Comparative Study of Word Embeddings for Reading Comprehension

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Bidirectional-Attention-Flow-for-Machine-Seo-Kembhavi/007ab5528b3bd310a80d553cccad4b78dc496b02

02 - Bidirectional Attention Flow for Machine Comprehension

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/FastQA-A-Simple-and-Efficient-Neural-Architecture-Weissenborn-Wiese/7c1576b96a1e246d77b30f7b80cec63be96fa698

03 - FastQA: A Simple and Efficient Neural Architecture for Question Answering

An interview with Chris Dyer.

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Recurrent-Neural-Network-Grammars-Dyer-Kuncoro/1594d954abc650bce2db445c52a76e49655efb0c

04 - Recurrent Neural Network Grammars, with Chris Dyer

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Design-Challenges-for-Entity-Linking-Ling-Singh/aa2a7ac7bfa9a0201d4faddd4e7bb26299a5e0be

06 - Design Challenges for Entity Linking

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Capturing-Semantic-Similarity-for-Entity-Linking-w-Francis-Landau-Durrett/1c9aca60f7ac5edcceb73d612806704a7d662643

07 - Capturing Semantic Similarity for Entity Linking with Convolutional Neural Networks

The recently-hyped paper that got "superhuman" performance on FAIR's CLEVR dataset.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.01427

20 - A simple neural network module for relational reasoning

EMNLP 2017 paper by Nitish Gupta, Sameer Singh, and Dan Roth.

Nitish comes on to talk to us about his paper, which presents a new entity linking model that both unifies prior sources of information into a single neural model, and trains that model in a domain-agnostic way, so it can be transferred to new domains without much performance degradation.

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Entity-Linking-via-Joint-Encoding-of-Types-Descrip-Gupta-Singh/a66b6a3ac0aa9af6c178c1d1a4a97fd14a882353

33 - Entity Linking via Joint Encoding of Types, Descriptions, and Context, with Nitish Gupta

Paper by Alex Wang, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel R. Bowman.

Sam comes on to tell us about GLUE.  We talk about the motivation behind setting up a benchmark framework for natural language understanding, how the authors defined "NLU" and chose the tasks for this benchmark, a very nice diagnostic dataset that was constructed for GLUE, and what insight they gained from the experiments they've run so far.  We also have some musings about the utility of general-purpose sentence vectors, and about leaderboards.

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/GLUE%3A-A-Multi-Task-Benchmark-and-Analysis-Platform-Wang-Singh/a2054eff8b4efe0f1f53d88c08446f9492ae07c1

67 - GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform, with Sam Bowman

In this episode, we invite Hal Daumé to continue the discussion on reinforcement learning, focusing on how it has been used in NLP. We discuss how to reduce NLP problems into the reinforcement learning framework, and circumstances where it may or may not be useful. We discuss imitation learning, roll-in and roll-out, and how to approximate an expert with a reference policy. 

DAgger: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Reduction-of-Imitation-Learning-and-Structured-to-Ross-Gordon/17eddf33b513ae1134abadab728bdbf6abab2a05?navId=citing-papers
RESLOPE: http://legacydirs.umiacs.umd.edu/~hal/docs/daume18reslope.pdf

75 - Reinforcement / Imitation Learning in NLP, with Hal Daumé III

EMNLP 2018 paper by Dirk Hovy and Tommaso Fornaciari. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Improving-Author-Attribute-Prediction-by-Linguistic-Hovy-Fornaciari/71aad8919c864f73108aafd8e926d44e9df51615

In this episode, Dirk Hovy talks about natural language as social phenomenon which can provide insights about those who generate it. For example, this paper uses retrofitted embeddings to improve on two tasks: predicting the gender and age group of a person based on their online reviews. In this approach, authors embeddings are first generated using Doc2Vec, then retrofitted such that authors with similar attributes are closer in the vector space. In order to estimate the retrofitted vectors for authors with unknown attributes, a linear transformation is learned which maps Doc2Vec vectors to the retrofitted vectors. Dirk also used a similar approach to encode geographic information to model regional linguistic variations, in another EMNLP 2018 paper with Christoph Purschke titled “Capturing Regional Variation with Distributed Place Representations and Geographic Retrofitting” [link: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Capturing-Regional-Variation-with-Distributed-Place-Hovy-Purschke/6d9babd835d0cdaaf175f098bb4fd61fd75b1be0].

76 - Increasing In-Class Similarity by Retrofitting Embeddings with Demographics, with Dirk Hovy

Originally used to entice fierce competitions in arcade games, leaderboards recently made their way into NLP research circles. Leaderboards could help mitigate some of the problems in how researchers run experiments and share results (e.g., accidentally overfitting models on a test set), but they also introduce new problems (e.g., breaking author anonymity in peer reviewing). In this episode, Siva Reddy joins us to talk about the good, the bad, and the ugly of using leaderboards in science. We also discuss potential solutions to address some of the outstanding problems with existing leaderboard frameworks.

Software platforms for leaderboards: 
http://codalab.org/ 
https://leaderboard.allenai.org/

80 - Leaderboards and Science, with Siva Reddy

In this episode, we invite Sebastian Riedel to talk about knowledge base construction (KBC). Why is it an important research area? What are the tradeoffs between using an open vs. closed schema? What are popular methods currently used, and what challenges prevent the adoption of KBC methods? We also briefly discuss the AKBC workshop and its graduation into a conference in 2019.

Sebastian Riedel's homepage: http://www.riedelcastro.org/
AKBC conference: http://www.akbc.ws/2019/

83 - Knowledge Base Construction, with Sebastian Riedel

In this episode, we invite John Hewitt to discuss his take on how to probe word embeddings for syntactic information. The basic idea is to project word embeddings to a vector space where the L2 distance between a pair of words in a sentence approximates the number of hops between them in the dependency tree. The proposed method shows that ELMo and BERT representations, trained with no syntactic supervision, embed many of the unlabeled, undirected dependency attachments between words in the same sentence.

Paper: https://nlp.stanford.edu/pubs/hewitt2019structural.pdf
GitHub repository: https://github.com/john-hewitt/structural-probes
Blog post: https://nlp.stanford.edu/~johnhew/structural-probe.html
Twitter thread: https://twitter.com/johnhewtt/status/1114252302141886464
John's homepage: https://nlp.stanford.edu/~johnhew/

88 - A Structural Probe for Finding Syntax in Word Representations, with John Hewitt

In this episode, we invite Zhou Yu to give an overview of dialogue systems. We discuss different types of dialogue systems (task-oriented vs. non-task-oriented), the main building blocks and how they relate to other research areas in NLP, how to transfer models across domains, and the different ways used to evaluate these systems. Zhou also shares her thoughts on exciting future directions such as developing dialogue methods for non-cooperative environments (e.g., to negotiate prices) and multimodal dialogue systems (e.g., using video as well as audio/text).

Zhou Yu's homepage: http://zhouyu.cs.ucdavis.edu/

89 - Dialog Systems, with Zhou Yu

In this episode, we invite Jonathan Berant to talk about executable semantic parsing. We discuss what executable semantic parsing is and how it differs from related tasks such as semantic dependency parsing and abstract meaning representation (AMR) parsing. We talk about the main components of a semantic parser, how the formal language affects design choices in the parser, and end with a discussion of some exciting open problems in this space.

Jonathan Berant's homepage: http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~joberant/

91 - (Executable) Semantic Parsing, with Jonathan Berant

In this episode, we invite David Bamman to give an overview of computational humanities. We discuss examples of questions studied in computational humanities (e.g., characterizing fictionality, assessing novelty, measuring the attention given to male vs. female characters in the literature). We talk about the role NLP plays in addressing these questions and how the accuracy and biases of NLP models can influence the results. We also discuss understudied NLP tasks which can help us answer more questions in this domain such as literary scene coreference resolution and constructing a map of literature geography.

David Bamman's homepage: http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~dbamman/
LitBank dataset: https://github.com/dbamman/litbank

92 - Computational Humanities, with David Bamman

In this episode, we chat with Luke Zettlemoyer about Question Answering as a format for crowdsourcing annotations of various semantic phenomena in text. We start by talking about QA-SRL and QAMR, two datasets that use QA pairs to annotate predicate-argument relations at the sentence level. Luke describes how this annotation scheme makes it possible to obtain annotations from non-experts, and discusses the tradeoffs involved in choosing this scheme. Then we talk about the challenges involved in using QA-based annotations for more complex phenomena like coreference. Finally, we briefly discuss the value of crowd-labeled datasets given the recent developments in pretraining large language models. Luke is an associate professor at the University of Washington and a Research Scientist at Facebook AI Research.

96 - Question Answering as an Annotation Format, with Luke Zettlemoyer

**The podcast is currently on hiatus. For more active NLP content, check out the Holistic Intelligence Podcast linked below.**

Welcome to the NLP highlights podcast, where we invite researchers to talk about their work in various areas in natural language processing. All views expressed belong to the hosts/guests, and do not represent their employers.

33 - Entity Linking via Joint Encoding of Types, Descriptions, and Context, with Nitish Gupta

NLP Highlights