Why do we do what we do—and how do we change? In this lesson, RJ Starr breaks down the core principles of learning in psychology, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and reinforcement. Learn how behavior is shaped, habits are formed, and why real change takes more than just willpower. Part of the free Introduction to Psychology course at profrjstarr.com.

Lesson 5 Learning – How We Change

This lesson breaks down what we’re actually referring to when we use the word “reality.” We unpack objective vs. subjective reality, consensus culture, and how language and cognition shape what we experience as true. Reality, it turns out, is more layered than we think.


Lesson 2 - What Do We Mean by Reality

Humans are storytelling beings. This lesson examines how we form narrative identities, how our personal stories shape what we see as real, and why meaning is often more important to us than accuracy. We also explore how healing happens when stories become more flexible.


Lesson 4 - Living in Narratives – Identity and Meaning-Making

What happens when our inner world can no longer contain what we’ve lived through? This lesson looks at trauma as a collapse of narrative coherence, the role of dissociation and dissonance, and how the mind protects itself when reality becomes unbearable.

Lesson 5 - When Reality Fractures – Trauma, Dissonance, and Distortion

Consensus reality holds communities together—but what happens when it falls apart? This lesson explores how culture, media, and belonging shape our shared sense of truth, and how psychological safety can determine what we’re even willing to believe.

Lesson 6 - Consensus and Culture – Shared Reality in a Fractured World

What if we’re not the contents of our mind? In this lesson, we explore disidentification and presence as psychological tools. You’ll learn how awareness allows us to observe thought without being ruled by it—and why this shift offers real contact with reality.

Lesson 7 - Awareness Beyond the Mind – Disidentification and Presence

In this final lesson, we look at how to live without needing certainty. We explore psychological flexibility and grounded curiosity as mature responses to a complex world—and offer an approach to reality rooted not in control, but in clarity, contact, and care.

Lesson 8 - Living With Openness – Psychological Flexibility and Grounded Curiosity

This recording captures Dr. Matthew Collins lecturing his undergraduate class, Introduction to Existential Psychology, about Professor RJ Starr’s paper on existential liminality. Starr’s work explores what happens when identity breaks down and we find ourselves “in between” lives. The lecture unpacks the psychological roots, cultural context, and clinical implications of liminality in a way students can immediately connect to their own experiences.

Classroom Talk: Existential Liminality and the In-Between Self

This short recording, read by Richard Price (CEO of Academia.edu), introduces my latest paper: Adversarial Social Posture: A Proposed Construct for Understanding Everyday Irritability and the Perception of Others as Inconvenience.

The paper presents Adversarial Social Posture (ASP) as a new psychological framework to explain why people increasingly experience others not as neutral cohabitants, but as obstacles. It explores the roots of impatience, grievance, and irritation in modern life, and considers the profound implications for relationships, mental health, and civic life.

Read the full paper here: https://profrjstarr.com/research-and-papers/introducing-adversarial-social-posture-a-new-construct-for-modern-psychology 

Adversarial Social Posture Introduction by Academia

Professor RJ Starr is an academic psychologist, educator, and author exploring the inner life through the lens of emotional intelligence, regulation, and self-awareness.
This SoundCloud page features original short-form audio recordings—thoughtful reflections designed to help listeners navigate their emotions, relationships, and personal growth with clarity and maturity.

To explore more of my work, visit https://profrjstarr.com