We examine the significance of a kilo pohaku, or "stone mirror" -- a small volcanic stone disk used for viewing reflections -- discovered deep inside the ancient Makauwahi Cave on the island of Kaua'i.  This extremely rare specimen encapsulates the great mystery of Hawaiian archaeology, which relies on reconstruction from rare stone, bone, and shell objects, and also the threats facing the historical sites and artifacts of ancient Hawaii in a time of natural disaster and rapid development.

Special thanks to:  Maui Historical Society, the National Tropical Botanical Garden, Makauwahi Cave Preserve, Kaua'i Community College, Kaua'i Historical Society (particularly Mona), Dr. David Burney, and Jason Ford.

Suggested further reading:  David Burney, "Back to the Future in the Caves of Kaua'i."

Image:  Kilo pohaku, cowry beads, & bone bead found at Makauwahi Cave; image courtesy of David Burney.

An image illustrating the immersion method of using a kilo pohaku can be seen on the website of Papahana Kuaola here:  https://papahanakuaola.org/kukulu-kahua-2/kukulu-kahua-types-and-uses-of-pohaku/

Suggested historical preservation organizations for donations:
--Makauwahi Cave Reserve:  http://www.cavereserve.org/donate.php
--Maui Historical Society:  https://mauimuseum.org/donate
--Lahaina Restoration Foundation:  https://lahainarestoration.org/donate/
--Kaua'i Historical Society:  https://kauaihistoricalsociety.org/donate/

Please sign on as a patron to hear the next lecture on the origins of the First World War:  https://www.patreon.com/user?u=5530632

History of the United States in 100 Objects -- 22: The Makauwahi Stone Mirror / Kilo Pohaku

We talk to ACLU bigwig Ben Wizner about Trump's war on law firms, his shadow battle with the judiciary, NSPM-7, Mahmoud Khalil, and more 

Hit the tip line: (646) 801-1129 | tips@trueanon.com

Discover more episodes at podcast.trueanon.com

Episode 499: Libbing Out

Lil message for Tuesday Voters on Election 

Yall Voting?

On Today’s Menu on Marsha’s Plate
We come back from break and discuss trans numbers declinimg, and young queer family members and the Gold's Gym fiasco

Listen on all streaming Platforms 
https://pod.link/1293033444

Here we talk about cultural events, entertainment news, and gender politics from a Black Trans feminist lens. This is Diamond Stylz archival work that preserves the histories, experiences, and contributions of a marginalized community that has been historically erased, overlooked, or misrepresented. We focus on people who identitfy as  Black, trans, gay, or woman...or any combination of all of them.

We have merch as well if you wanna support Marsha’s Plate
https://teespring.com/stores/marshasplate
Reading Recommendations
https://bookshop.org/shop/DiamondStylz


 
#marshasplate #girlslikeus #boyslikeus #transgender #podcast #podsincolor #podernfamily #transisbeautiful #houston #lgbt

 #transmen #transwomen #blackfeminism  #trans101 #trans #blacktranswomen #blacktransmen #houstonpride #indiepodcast #blacktranslivesmatter 

#lgbtqia #lgbtq #genderidentity #pride #blackgirlmagic #blackboyjoy  #podcast🎧 #podcaster #queer #transpodcasts 


Accountability is an ongoing process and allyship has to be renewed every day through actions and support

We run off of donations to keep this programming accessible so monetary donations are so helpful BUT 
Ways to support that don’t cost money is to share comment and subscribe 
#marshasplate #girlslikeus #boyslikeus #transgender #podcast #blacktranslivesmatter #podsincolor #podernfamily #transpodcast



Trans Agenda 
https://transgenderlawcenter.org/trans-agenda-for-liberation/

Trans 101 from Havard
http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2016/gender-lines-science-transgender-identity/ 

Register To Vote 
https://ballotpedia.org/Main_Page 

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#364 Not Declining, More Like Evolving

Aaron & Tom review the state of the holiday retail climate, the history of America's vapor economics, the CNN x Kalshi collab, and financing Air Jordans at 22% interest.

Subscribe to our patreon today:
https://www.patreon.com/trillbillyworkersparty

Episode 421: Cart Blanche

There's two types of people in this world: those who will let their backyards be disintegrated into rubble and those who won't.

Support us on patreon:
patreon.com/trillbillyworkersparty

Episode 422: Bargain Bin Futures

Will and Felix talk about the horrific killing of Alex Pretti. We talk about the execution, the man Alex was, why the right despises him, the inspiring response of the people of Minnesota, and reasons to hope that we haven’t irreversibly opened the gates of Hell. We also talk about the public responses, ranging from the bizarre justifications from Mike Cernovich and JD Vance to Sohrab Amari’s attempt at aloofness to the [???] from Tom Friedman. Plus: Marie Glusenkamp Perez dealing the shittiest weed in the world.

Katherine’s article at The Intercept is out: https://theintercept.com/2026/01/25/tony-dokoupil-cbs-evening-news/ 

Follow the new Chapo Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chapotraphousereal/

And Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/chapotraphousereal.bsky.social

1005 - Ice Storm (1/26/26)

This remarkable 1967 LP by Carnatic veena virtuoso Chitti Babu, featuring his dazzling, expressive and soulful vocal-like playing, is available for Flac and MP3 download on my blog:
https://music-republic-world-traditional.blogspot.com/2026/02/india-chitti-babu-columbia-33esx-6008.html

Chitti Babu - legendary Carnatic veena player

The Movies…. Are back. The Mindset….Continues. Bet you thought we had forgotten? Will and Hesse get in right under the gun for another Movie Mindset Oscars Special. Our two professional film critics and acclaimed indie film stars discuss this year’s finest offerings from Tinsel Town and debate which among them deserves to be immortalized with that finest of names “Oscar.”  

Will PTA finally have his crowning moment of glory this year or will it be One Disappointment After Another for the wunderkind director as he’s snubbed yet again…

Who will win the ideological battle over fascism this year?  Will it be The Secret Agent, which maintains that fascism is bad or F:1 which stands for Fascism = #1?

Is having a parent evil, or is being a parent evil? And Is it better to exist or not to? Films like this year’s Frankenstein, Sentimental Value and Hamnet all delve into this tricky and universal human dilemma.

The Best Actor race is among the tightest in recent memory with many industry insiders saying it’s going to come down to Michael B Jordan playing a set of twins who are divided over eating pussy and becoming a vampire and Timothee Chalamet who plays an arrogant, pushy Jewish guy who gets everything he wants and conquers the world.

Will and Hesse discuss all this and more! Also Train Dreams? Place your bets NOW on which of this year’s movies will win, and which ones each of these professional film critics still haven’t seen!


Movie Mindset - Oscars Preview ‘26

We follow the adventures and the atrocities of the English “sea dogs,” from raiding ports in West Africa and Spanish mule trains in Central America to scrounging for gold in the Canadian tundra, as the Tudor regime exploited England’s expertise in sailing and navigation to undermine the Spanish empire and try to turn the Atlantic into a massive free-trade zone. We uncover why Elizabethan England never created lasing colonies of their own, until the accession of the first Stuart king in 1603 led to a profound shift in policy, paving the way for the first English colonies beyond Ireland and the extension of the “British empire” to America.

Patrons: comment on this post to let us know which country or state you are in: https://www.patreon.com/posts/tell-me-where-153392904

Please become a patron to hear all patron-only lectures: https://www.patreon.com/c/u5530632

My previous lecture on England in the Tudor Age: https://soundcloud.com/historiansplaining/age-of-absolutism-2-tudor-england-1485-1603

My interview with historian Melissa Morris on the early European colonies in Guiana, South America: https://soundcloud.com/historiansplaining/before-jamestown-when-england-colonized-the-amazon-a-conversation-with-melissa-morris

Image: the “Armada Portrait” of Queen Elizbeth I, version probably commissioned by Francis Drake; notice English & Spanish ships seen over queen's shoulders, & queen’s hand resting on North America on the globe, representing her purported claim to that land

Suggested further reading: Armitage, “Ideological Origins of the British Empire”; Kupperman, “The Jamestown Project”

The Elizabethan Dream: How England Became a Sea Power

We unearth the tangled roots of the earliest forms of modern science,  beginning with the radical alchemical theories of the rabble-rousing  healer called Paracelsus, and running through the heated debates over  Galileo's astronomy, which broke down the distinction between the earth  and the heavens.  Due to these shocks, the old teleological, or purpose-driven, scheme of the world broke down, giving way to a free-for-all of speculation and apocalyptic excitement.
We question the historical meaning of the concept of  "science," and consider how modern-day pop scientists like Neil DeGrasse  Tyson portray the past selectively in order to build the myth of reason  and science as beacons of light amidst superstition.
To hear all patron-only lectures from this podcast as soon as they post, sign on as a patron at any level: https://www.patreon.com/c/u5530632
Alternatively, to hear the all of the patron-only lectures on the early modern age, including on Martin Luther, the Reformation, and Spain & Portugal in the age of the Inquisition, you can purchase access to the “Becoming Modern” playlist:  https://www.patreon.com/collection/2026824?view=condensed

Suggested further reading:  Walter Pagel, "Paracelsus";  Charles Webster, "The Great Instauration";  Francis Bacon, "The New Atlantis";  Pamela Smith, "The Body of the Artisan";  Deborah Harkness, "The Jewel House";  Frances Yates, "Giordano Bruno" and "The Rosicrucian Enlightenment";  Thomas Kuhn, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions";  Steven Shapin, "The Scientific Revolution"

Scientific Revolution, Part 1 -- Alchemy and Apocalypse, 1500-1660

So much of what we learn in a standard history class, and in the culture around us, are just cliff-note narratives, crafted to explain how things appear, rather than how things actually came to be. Peel back the layers of time and place with this thoroughly researched, college-level history podcast with over 200 episodes that uncover the forgotten forces that shaped – and that are still shaping – our world today. 

There are no commercials in this long-form podcast.  More information can be found at Historiansplaining.com, where you can hear Quick Samples of every episode, easily find related episodes based on topic, discover episodes by geographic location on a map of the world or on a timeline of world history, and much more. 

There’s so much to explore with Samuel Biagetti, PhD, in these conversational lectures and interviews, each one presenting hidden landscapes from the past that put the moments and movements of today’s world in a tangible, thought-provoking light.

Press play for the joy of a great college-level course in history, without any of the homework!

Unlock the most content by becoming a supporter through Patreon. You choose the amount you want to contribute, and your support helps keep the podcast commercial free! Visit patreon.com/user?u=5530632  
Support through Patreon from listeners like you is the only source of ongoing funding for this podcast.

The Elizabethan Dream: How England Became a Sea Power

Historiansplaining

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