جمهورية العراق (Dschumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq) - نُكملُ الدربَ (Nukml Aldrba)

Iraq is a country in the Middle East. Iraq borders Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Iran, and the Persian Gulf and encompasses most of Mesopotamia, a region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where the earliest advanced civilizations of the Middle East emerged, as well as parts of the adjacent desert and mountain regions. It is considered one of the Mashreq states. The north of the country is formed by the autonomous region of Kurdistan, which has its own parliament and armed forces (Peshmerga).

With approximately 43 million inhabitants (as of 2023), Iraq is one of the five largest countries in the Arab world. Its capital and largest city is the metropolis of Baghdad; other cities with populations of over one million include Basra, Mosul, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Najaf, Kirkuk, and Karbala. Due to refugee movements in the 20th and 21st centuries, the country experienced rapid urbanization. Iraq ranks fourth in the world list of countries with the most natural resources; its economy is based primarily on oil exports and, to a lesser extent, on agriculture.

Present-day Iraq emerged in 1920 from the three Ottoman provinces of Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra. The Kingdom of Iraq existed from 1921 to 1958. In 1958, the king was overthrown in a military coup, and a republic was proclaimed. From 1979 to 2003, the country was ruled dictatorially by Saddam Hussein, waging war against neighboring Iran and Kuwait. A multinational invasion force ("Coalition of the Willing") led by the United States overthrew Saddam Hussein's regime in 2003 without establishing stable structures for the post-war era.

After the declared end of the war, the occupation of Iraq from 2003 to 2011 saw civil war-like conditions, thousands of terrorist attacks, acts of war, and violent crime, both by various Iraqi groups against each other and against the Western occupation forces. They caused an unknown number of deaths and injuries, especially among Iraqi civilians. Starting in December 2013, a war broke out between Iraq and ISIS, which seized parts of the country. In December 2017, the Iraqi government announced that the Iraqi armed forces had taken full control of the Syrian-Iraqi border and that the war against ISIS was over.

Iraq - Nukml Aldrba

日本 (Nihon) - この道 (Kono Michi)

Winner of the week: 🥇11

Japan is an East Asian state in the Pacific comprising 14,125 islands, indirectly bordering Russia to the north and northwest, North and South Korea to the west, and Taiwan and China to the southwest. It is the fourth largest island state in terms of area and the second largest in terms of population. The de facto capital and largest urban settlement is Tokyo, which was abolished as a political entity in World War II; de jure there is a “capital area” made up of eight prefectures including Tokyo.

The formation of the Japanese state began in the 5th century under the cultural influence of the Chinese Empire. Japan had been in contact with the West since the 16th century and rose to become a great power in the 19th century, acquiring colonies such as Korea and Taiwan, taking part in both world wars and briefly ruling large parts of Southeast and East Asia. Until 1947, the Japanese Empire was a constitutional monarchy based on the monarchical principle, partly based on the Prussian model, with the Japanese emperor as head of state.
His aggressive expansion policy in the Republic of China in the run-up to and during the Second World War (Pacific War) ultimately led to defeat on the side of the Axis powers in August 1945. In the Japanese state formed under Douglas MacArthur's occupation government since 1947, the sovereign is the people, the highest organ of state power the parliament, whose chambers have since then both been directly elected by the people. The empire was not abolished, but the emperor, as a “symbol of the state,” was reduced to ceremonial tasks without independent authority in state affairs. Apart from Japan, there is no longer any country in the world whose head of state is an emperor.

Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in Asia and, with almost 126 million inhabitants, is the eleventh most populous country in the world. Most residents are followers of Shintoism and Buddhism.

As the historically first industrial nation in Asia, Japan has a very highly developed economy and was, for many decades, the world's second largest economic power behind the United States, with which it has been a military ally since 1952, until the economic upswing of the People's Republic of China in the early 2000s. As a member of the Group of Seven, Japan is one of the largest industrial nations and part of the OECD. The United Nations Development Program lists Japan as one of the countries with very high levels of human development. It is the country with the highest life expectancy and the third largest national wealth.

Japanese Studies deals with the research and teaching of the language and culture of Japan in its historical development.

Japan - Kono Michi

Japan 🥇 - Kono Michi

Italia - Siamo In Cammino

Winner of the week: 🥇40

Italy is a country in southern Europe. The capital and most populous city is Rome and the economic and financial center is Milan.

The Italian territory lies largely on the Apennine Peninsula, which is surrounded on three sides by the Mediterranean Sea, the adjoining northern Italian plain and in the southern Alpine arc. There are also the large islands of Sicily and Sardinia as well as several smaller island groups. Land borders exist with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia as well as with the small states of Vatican City and San Marino, which are completely surrounded by Italian territory.

Many significant contributions to the cultural and historical heritage of Europe and the world have been made in Italy. The area that is now Italy was the core region of the Roman Empire in ancient times. The city of Rome has also been one of the most important centers of Christianity since late antiquity until today. Tuscany and the rival Italian city-states formed the heartland of the Renaissance. Italy was also a cultural center in the Baroque and Classical eras. Italy is now the country with the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites (58) and one of the most visited countries in the world with around 65 million tourists every year.

With the Risorgimento, the modern Italian nation state emerged in the 19th century: from 1861 to 1946, the Kingdom of Italy existed under the House of Savoy, which was rapidly industrialized, rose to become a major European power and, from the 1880s, established a colonial empire in North and East Africa. The costly and costly participation in the First World War from 1915 to 1918 led to the expansion of the national territory, but also to serious social unrest and paved the way to power for the Italian fascists. The fascist regime ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943/45 and led the country into the Second World War on the side of the Axis powers in 1940, which ended in defeat in 1945 and led to the loss of colonies and minor cessions of territory. In June 1946, the monarchy was abolished by a referendum and the current republic was proclaimed.

According to the Human Development Index, Italy is one of the most developed countries in the world as an industrial country. In terms of gross domestic product, Italy is the third largest economy in the European Union and the eighth largest in the world. The country enjoys a high standard of living and education and has one of the highest life expectancies. The Italian armed forces are among the most powerful in the world and are ranked as the fourth strongest within NATO.

Italy is a co-initiator of European integration and a founding member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, NATO and the Latin Union. The country is a member of the G7, the G20, the United Nations (UNO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Italy - Siamo In Cammino

Italy 🥇 - Siamo In Cammino

Bŭlgariya - Nie Sme Na Pŭt

Bulgaria is a republic in southeastern Europe with around 6.5 million inhabitants. The country occupies most of the eastern Balkan Peninsula and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. Bulgaria covers an area of ​​110,994 square kilometers and lies in the temperate climate zone. Sofia is the capital and also the largest city in the country; other larger cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. Bulgaria has been a member of NATO since 2004 and joined the European Union in 2007.
In what is now Bulgaria there is the earliest evidence of the presence of humans (Homo sapiens) in Europe and the Neolithic Karanovo culture, which dates back to 6500 BC. Dating back to the 1st century BC, one of the earliest settlements on the continent. In the 6th to 3rd centuries B.C. In the 4th century BC the region came under tension between the Thracians, Persians, Celts and Greeks. Stability came when the Roman Empire managed to conquer the region in 45 AD. With the decline and division of the empire, invasions by different groups began again in the region. The Goths immigrated in the 4th century and created the only written source of their language here. Around the 6th century, the areas were settled by the early Slavs. The Proto-Bulgarians, led by the brothers Asparuch and Kuwer, left the territory of (old) (Greater) Bulgaria and settled permanently on the Balkan Peninsula in the late 7th century. They founded two empires called Bulgaria, one between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains and one in the area around today's Bitola in the west of the peninsula. The Danube Empire, which was recognized by treaty by the Eastern Roman Empire in 681, over time united with the Empire of Kuwer. This First Bulgarian Empire ruled most of the southern Balkan Peninsula and significantly influenced Slavic cultures through the development of the Cyrillic script at the court of the Bulgarian tsars and the establishment of the Bulgarian Patriarchate.
Old Bulgarian literature and literature formed the third largest cultural and religious area in medieval Europe. The empire existed until the early 11th century, when the Byzantine Emperor Basil II conquered and subjugated it. A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire, which reached its peak under Ivan Asen II (1218–1241). After numerous exhausting wars and feudal struggles, the empire dissolved in 1396 and the region fell under Ottoman rule for almost five centuries.

Today Bulgaria is a parliamentary republic consisting of 28 provinces with a high degree of political, administrative and economic centralization. With an upper-middle income economy, the United Nations Development Program ranks Bulgaria among high human development countries. Its market economy is part of the European internal market and is based largely on services, followed by industry - particularly engineering and mining - and agriculture. Bulgaria is the world's largest producer of lavender oil and has a long tradition of rose cultivation and rose oil production. The country is facing a demographic crisis as its population has been shrinking annually since around 1990. Compared to a peak of almost nine million inhabitants in 1988, today there are only around 6.5 million. Bulgaria has been a member of NATO since March 29, 2004 and a member of the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe since January 1, 2007, a founding member of the OSCE and has held a seat on the United Nations Security Council three times.

Bulgaria - Nie Sme Na Put

የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ (yä-Ityop̣p̣əya Federalawi Dimokrasiyawi Ripäblik) - እንኩራ (Enhid)

Ethiopia is a landlocked country in eastern Africa. At the time of the Abyssinian Empire, the country was also known as Abyssinia (less frequently as Abyssinia). The country on the Horn of Africa borders Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, Somalia and Djibouti.

With over 90 ethnic groups and just as many languages, Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic state and at the same time the most populous landlocked country in the world.[6] A major obstacle to development is the very rapid population growth in a traditionally rural environment that often lacks basic infrastructure. The capital Addis Ababa, on the other hand, is one of the largest metropolises in Africa. Other cities such as Gonder, Mek'ele, Adama, Awassa, Bahir Dar and Dire Dawa are also growing due to urbanization.

Ethiopia is considered one of the countries of origin of modern humans and the country of origin of coffee. It looks back on around 3,000 years of uninterrupted history. This long period of almost undisturbed development of culture and civilization from outside also makes the country, which has nine UNESCO World Heritage sites, a popular tourist destination. After the Battle of Adua in 1896, in which the Ethiopian imperial army defeated an Italian colonial army, Ethiopia remained the only independent state in Africa alongside Liberia. From 1935 to 1941, the Abyssinian War followed, a brutal attempt at conquest by fascist Italy, in which between 330,000 and 760,000 Ethiopians were killed.

After World War II, Emperor Haile Selassie partially modernized the country. In 1974, the approximately 700-year rule of the Solomonic dynasty ended with a coup, followed by a socialist one-party dictatorship. In 1991, the rebel alliance EPRDF came to power after a civil war. The EPRDF has since established itself as a governing coalition and rules largely authoritatively in a federal system. In December 2019, three of the four constituent EPRDF parties merged to form a new party, the Prosperity Party, which has led the government since then. From around 2005, Ethiopia's economy began to grow at a rapid pace (see list of countries by economic growth).

The 2020 BTI report noted initial successes of political and economic transformation.

In August 2020, the government of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed postponed parliamentary elections indefinitely, citing the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to internal political conflicts. From November 2020, the conflict between the central government and the Tigray regional government developed into a civil war in Tigray.

Ethiopia - Enhid

República de Chile - Forjando El Destino

Chile Chile is a country in southwestern South America, forming the western edge of the Southern Cone (Cono Sur) of the continent. Chile stretches north-south between latitudes 17° 30′ S and 56° 0′ S, thus extending approximately 4,200 kilometers. From west to east, Chile lies between longitudes 76 and 64 west and has an average length of less than 200 kilometers. Because of this unusual shape—due to its location on the western slope of the Andes mountain range—Chile has often been called "the long country" since its discovery.

The country borders the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, Peru to the north (a length of 160 kilometers), Bolivia to the northeast (861 km), and Argentina to the east (5,308 km). The total length of Chile's land borders is 6,329 kilometers. In addition, Easter Island (Rapa Nui) in the Pacific Ocean, Salas y Gómez Island, the Juan Fernández Islands (including Robinson Crusoe Island), the Desventuradas Islands, and, in the south, the Ildefonso and Diego Ramírez Islands are part of Chile's territory. Chile also claims part of Antarctica. The country has access to the Atlantic Ocean via the Strait of Magellan, which belongs entirely to Chile.

The modern, sovereign state of Chile is one of the most economically and socially stable and prosperous countries in South America, with a high-income economy and a high standard of living. It leads Latin American nations in terms of human development, competitiveness, per capita income, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. According to the World Bank, Chile is an emerging economy with an upper-middle net national income.

It also ranks highly regionally in terms of government sustainability and democratic development. Chile has been a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) since 2010. Chile has the lowest murder rate in the Americas after Canada. The country is a founding member of the United Nations, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), and the Pacific Alliance.

Chile is seriously threatened by global warming and has lost at least 37% of its water resources since the early 1990s. Water is also not a public good in Chile, and water sources are purchased from private individuals.

Chile - Subimos Y Corremos

Jamhuri ya Uganda - Tugenda Wamu

Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa that has been independent since 1962. Kampala is Uganda's capital and largest city. With a nominal gross domestic product of US$908 per capita per year, Uganda is one of the poorest countries in the world.

Uganda borders South Sudan to the north, Kenya to the east, Tanzania to the south, Rwanda to the southwest, and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the west. The borders with Kenya and Tanzania run partly through Lake Victoria.

The republic is an authoritarian regime that, after gaining independence from the United Kingdom, was initially conceived as a one-party system. More recently, the country has embraced a democratization process. The official languages ​​are English and Swahili, and Luganda is also used in the autonomous Kingdom of Buganda; 40 other languages ​​are spoken in everyday life.

Uganda is a member of the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, and the East African Community.

There were two waves of immigration from West Africa to Uganda between 1000 BC and 1000 AD. The people who immigrated in the second wave were likely the ancestors of the Bantu-speaking population.

From 1966 to 1986, under the governments of Milton Obote and Idi Amin, the country was characterized by authoritarian rule, violence, serious human rights violations, civil war-like conditions, and economic decline. Idi Amin expelled all residents of Asian descent. Since 1986, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni has ruled the country. His government also saw human rights violations and involvement in internal military conflicts in neighboring countries, although a degree of calm and economic recovery began to emerge.

Uganda - Tugenda Wamu

Dawlat Lībiyā - Namshi Lil'amam

Libya is a 1,759,541 km² Maghreb state in North Africa with approximately seven million inhabitants. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt and Sudan to the east, Niger and Chad to the south, and Tunisia and Algeria to the west. Tripoli is the capital and, with approximately three million inhabitants, the largest city of Libya. Other important cities in this predominantly Islamic country, which was formally governed by direct democracy until 2011 but de facto autocratically, are Benghazi, Misrata, and Tobruk.

Libya, along its current borders, emerged in 1934, following the Second Italo-Libyan War, when the former Ottoman provinces of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan were combined to form the colony of Italian Libya. In 1951, the Kingdom of Libya, under Idris al-Senussi, declared its independence. In 1969, the king was overthrown and the Libyan Arab Republic was proclaimed by Muammar al-Gaddafi. Gaddafi was overthrown by armed rebels in the 2011 civil war. From the 2014 parliamentary elections until the signing of the ceasefire in 2020, another civil war raged, and the country split into western and eastern parts. In 2019, the conflict escalated when eastern Libyan forces under Khalifa Haftar, with the support of the Russian Wagner group, invaded western Libya. This led to a military agreement between the western Libyan government and Turkey in December 2019, which in turn carried out a military intervention and brought thousands of Syrian mercenaries into the country. In 2021, a unity government was formed, which was unable to assert its authority throughout the country. Free elections were also announced, but were subsequently canceled. Because the country has been controlled by various political and military forces for many years, Libya is considered a failed state according to a controversial political science definition.

Libya - Namshi Lil'amam

República de Angola - Tu Ka Kwenda

Angola is a country in southwest Africa. Its national holiday is November 11, the anniversary of its independence in 1975. Angola borders Namibia, Zambia, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Atlantic Ocean. The Angolan exclave of Cabinda lies to the north, between the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Congo, on the Atlantic Ocean.

The name Angola is derived from the title Ngola of the kings of Ndongo, a vassal state of the historic Congo Empire located east of Luanda. The region around Luanda received this name in the 16th century from the first Portuguese sailors who landed on the coast there and erected a padrão, a stone cross as a sign of possession for the Portuguese king. The name was extended to the region around Benguela at the end of the 17th century, and then in the 19th century to the then-undemarcated territory whose colonial occupation Portugal intended to establish.

In 1961, the struggle for independence began and was won in 1975. Since then, the MPLA party has ruled the country in an authoritarian manner; corruption and human rights violations remain widespread to this day.

Angola - Tu Ka Kwenda

Dschumhūriyyat Tschād - Mè Sara Bé

Chad is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, and Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon to the west. The country, whose north is part of the Sahara Desert, is relatively sparsely populated. In addition to the country's largest city, the capital N'Djamena, larger towns include Moundou, Abéché, and Sarh.

The vast majority of residents work in agriculture. A large portion of the population lives below the poverty line despite the country's oil revenues. For more than 20 years, the country's Human Development Index has been one of the lowest in the world.

Chad was formerly a French colony. It gained independence in 1960. President Idriss Déby was head of state and government from 1990 until his assassination in 2021. Subsequently, a military council led by his son Mahamat assumed much of the power, but according to the Fragile States Index, Chad has been a failed state ever since.

According to several political indicators, the country remains authoritarian, lacks freedom, and is one of the most corrupt countries in the world. Serious human rights violations continue to occur regularly in Chad.

Chad - Mè Sara Bé

Coming Home.mp3

Even as a small child I wanted to learn a musical instrument...

...since there was a music school in our small town where I grew up, but it was limited to the activities of the local musicians' band, the choice was rather limited... because piano, guitar or saxophone were not offered and that's why I decided me for the trumpet, which was not used for cast-technical reasons, so the FLÜGELHORN became my instrument...
In my youth I turned my back on music and was active in sports towards the end of my teenage years.

Uganda - Tugenda Wamu

Ramixjoe ♈︎

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