Microsoft Common Language Runtime Version 4.0.30319.0.

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Compilers and tools expose the common language runtime's functionality and enable you to write code that benefits from the managed execution environment. Code that you develop with a language compiler that targets the runtime is called managed code. Managed code benefits from features such as cross-language integration, cross-language exception handling, enhanced security, versioning and deployment support, a simplified model for component interaction, and debugging and profiling services.


Compilers and tools can produce output that the common language runtime can consume because the type system, the format of metadata, and the run-time environment (the virtual execution system) are all defined by a public standard, the ECMA Common Language Infrastructure specification. For more information, see ECMA C# and Common Language Infrastructure Specifications.


To enable the runtime to provide services to managed code, language compilers must emit metadata that describes the types, members, and references in your code. Metadata is stored with the code; every loadable common language runtime portable executable (PE) file contains metadata. The runtime uses metadata to locate and load classes, lay out instances in memory, resolve method invocations, generate native code, enforce security, and set run-time context boundaries.


The runtime automatically handles object layout and manages references to objects, releasing them when they're no longer being used. Objects whose lifetimes are managed in this way are called managed data. Garbage collection eliminates memory leaks and some other common programming errors. If your code is managed, you can use managed, unmanaged, or both managed and unmanaged data in your .NET application. Because language compilers supply their own types, such as primitive types, you might not always know or need to know whether your data is being managed.


The common language runtime makes it easy to design components and applications whose objects interact across languages. Objects written in different languages can communicate with each other, and their behaviors can be tightly integrated. For example, you can define a class and then use a different language to derive a class from your original class or call a method on the original class. You can also pass an instance of a class to a method of a class written in a different language. This cross-language integration is possible because language compilers and tools that target the runtime use a common type system defined by the runtime. They follow the runtime's rules for defining new types and for creating, using, persisting, and binding to types.


Language compilers and tools expose the runtime's functionality in ways that are intended to be useful and intuitive to developers. Some features of the runtime might be more noticeable in one environment than in another. How you experience the runtime depends on which language compilers or tools you use. For example, if you're a Visual Basic developer, you might notice that with the common language runtime, the Visual Basic language has more object-oriented features than before. The runtime provides the following benefits:





Each version of .NET Framework contains the common language runtime (CLR), the base class libraries, and other managed libraries. This article describes the key features of .NET Framework by version, provides information about the underlying CLR versions and associated development environments, and identifies the versions that are installed by the Windows operating system (OS).


The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is programming that manages the execution of programs written in any of several supported languages, allowing them to share common object-oriented classes written in any of the languages. It is a part of Microsoft's .NET F

Microsoft Common Language Runtime Version 4.0.30319.0.

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