"We all have to thank Elon Musk for all that amazing innovation and disruption that's happening. Many changes that he has brought to X are now driving that interesting innovation."

Buffer Chief Product Officer Maria Thomas discusses how social media has changed over the company's 13-year history and how the company is building a headless ecommerce equivalent for posting 'content' on a fractured internet.

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Buffer's Chief Product Officer on how it supports a fractured internet

Linux Buffer Overflows x86 – Part 3 (Shellcoding)

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could you explain to me how to calculate the right way to calculate the shellcode in linux bufferoverflow question ? So my take on it is: the shellcode plus nobs is like 250 bytes (100 bytes NOPS), it could be 250 bytes plus 768 bytes as then the buffer is completly filled and so the max size could be 1036 bytes - however this is not correct


You said the binary is using syscalls to do the read that overflows the buffer, so you don't need to worry about the byte values of any of your instructions (some functions like strcpy or gets will stop copying the bytes when they get to null bytes or 0x0A bytes).


Buffer overflows are probably my favourite part of the security field. They can range from simple to incomprehensible, offer a wide variety of exploitation techniques and are just kinda fun. Also they sound way more difficult than they are!


Attackers have managed to identify buffer overflows in a many products and components. A few examples are the PS2 Independence exploit, the Twilight Hack for the Wii or an iDevice Lock Activation Bypass on the iPad.


In order to understand how buffer overflows work, we need to understand what happens in memory when a program is run. In this example we're using a C program in Linux. However, note that the issue applies to many different languages and operating systems.


NOTE: For the purpose of this article and its examples, I have disabled protective measures, like Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR), that may interfere with a clear demonstration of the buffer overflow issue. There are ways to bypass these measures, but that's a (more advanced) topic in itself. In this article, I will focus on the core principle of buffer overflows.


Several new techniques were explored in this part of the series focusing mainlyon ROP and return to libc to overcome the non-executable stack protection. TheNX-bit only provides a small amount of security when it comes to exploiting abuffer overflow. It prevents the attacker from writing his/her own instructionsdirectly into the programs memory space. However, if the instructions arealready loaded into the process, this protection is ineffective.


The exploits have shown that this protection is only a minor hinderance to gainingfull control of a process via a buffer overflow. The next article of theseries, which will focus on Address Space Layout Randomization, will show howASLR in combination with the NX-bit will make exploitation much harder. Thefinal article in the series will look into StackGuard and the stack canary. Bythe end of the series the reader should be convinced that buffer overflows arestill very capable of being exploited in a modern system. Ultimately theprogrammer is responsible for protecting against these kinds of exploits, and noamount of kernel or compiler protections can make up for faulty code.





Buffers are areas of memory set aside to hold data, often while moving it from one section of a program to another, or between programs. Buffer overflows can often be triggered by malformed inputs; if one assumes all inputs will be smaller than a certain size and the buffer is created to be that size, then an anomalous transaction that produces more data could cause it to write past the end of the buffer. If this overwrites adjacent data or executable code, this may result in erratic program behavior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, and crashes.


Programming languages commonly associated with buffer overflows include C and C++, which provide no built-in protection against accessing or overwriting data in any part of memory and do not automatically check that data written to an array (the built-in buffer type) is within the boundaries of that array. Bounds checking can prevent buffer overflows, but requires additional code and processing time. Mo

Linux Buffer Overflows X86 ? Part 3 (Shellcoding)

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Preamp good as buffer, boost, tone/eq, overdrive with a lot of sounds.

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